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Notes

2010

Notes

[Sunday 15 August 2010 - Saturday 21 August 2010]

[Notebook: DB 70 Mathematical Theology]

[page 6]

Sunday 15 August 2010

Harriet Beecher Stowe: a theological debate on slavery starting from the apparent fact that the Bible (true to its time) condones it, but weighing against that arguments drawn from human nature, specifically that slaves are also human and have souls. Stowe

Stowe page 449: Dies Irae Dies Irae - Wikipedia

page 450: '"Now is all the time I have anything to do with," said Miss Ophelia.' [ie local space-time]

page 452: 'If we emancipate, are you willing to educate?'

An evil empire I have known. Evil empire - Wikipedia

What we are searching for is a clear expression in layered network terms of the symmetry 'all people are equal'. [including Jesus of Nazareth]

Stowe page 481: 'taken, reputed, adjudged in law, to be a chattel personal. US slave legislation. Harriet Beecher Stowe

[page 7]

What am I after? First some income for myself and my family; second the feeling that I have done something for the peace and wellbeing of the Earth and all who sail in her.

Stowe page 485: 'When one nigger's dead I buy another; and I find it comes cheaper and easier, every way.'

One of the most potent forces in the Universe is the retry motivated by error detection. The other is the correction, possible if one is using an error detecting and correcting code.

DUALITY: no point without space, no space without points.

The epistemological foundation of classical physics was laid by Einstein with the notion of the general covariance of coordinate systems.

Religion, theology and navigation

. . .

Radical errors:
1. Motion, stillness
2. error, sin, control

The notion of pain entering the world through sin is silly when viewed in a cybernetic light.

The strategy is to fit in until I am in a position from which I can speak and be heard. No message can be interpreted out of its proper space. The transfinite network, like the immune system, can, in principle, decode all messages.

[page 8]

Stowe page 492: 'The slave is always a tyrant, if he can get a chance to be one.'

My specific target must be the Pope, the slave who enslaves us all.

Machine = incarnation of an algorithm

Stowe page 514: 'If we suffer with him, we shall also reign, Scripture says; but if we deny him he will also deny us.

No rule of law, only personal relationships.

page 622: 'Is man ever a creature to be trusted with wholly irresponsible power? And does not the slave system, by denying the slave all legal right of testimony, make every individual owner an irresponsible despot.

page 623: 'Nothing of tragedy can be written, can be spoken, can be conceived, that equals the frightful reality of scenes daily and hourly acting on our shores, beneath the shadow of American law, and the shadow of the cross of Christ.'

Stowe page 8 [Ann Douglas Introduction] 'Compromise of 1850' 'Fugitive Slave Law' Compromise of 1850 - Wikipedia

Monday 15 August 2010

Pentagon Papers and Cambodian bombing Coleridge page 92 Coleridge, Pentagon Papers - Wikipedia, Operation Menu - Wikipedia

A mathematical theory is a network of mappings whose primary fixed points are a set of axioms,

[page 9]

freestanding, orthogonal (independent) and isolated, like the axioms of the Universe god, lightspace, mass space (closed system space), isolated quantum system, Turing machine.

1. god as defined by Aquinas
2. Minkowski space, the space of embodied communication
3. Riemann space, space of spaces of embodied communication (particles)
4. Hilbert space - quantum mechanics interpreted as the description of a network.
5. Computable space: the transfinite computer network.

Another subjectively glorious morning in the sun, having had a smoke and worked out the above outline for chapter four of the MTh, The Model.

The axioms of building are sand, clay, rock cement, wood, metal, ceramics and so on and the various parts of the building process are both constrained by the axioms and exploit their stationary features to construct more complex elements of a building like bricks, pipes, valves, windows, and so on.

AXIOM = ALPHABET of a SPACE

One can imagine that over the hundred thousand years or so of modern human history there have been hundreds of thousands of different theologies, that is theories of everything designed to explain the human condition and provide clues about how to deal with it. Xianity is but one of these. [these religions form a tree, descended from Africa through socialization of the children.]

The rise of science is a very recent development in human history, and is closely related, as Galileo noted, with the mathematicization of science.

[page 10]

Tuesday 17 August 2010

Getting down to the keel (nitty gritty).

On Veltman: we might take the view that quantum mechanics is effectively outside (prior to) space-time and therefore 'obnoxious' [invariant with respect to] to Lorentz transformations. What needs transforming [is the event, not the processing behind it] Veltman

Wednesday 18 August 2010

Particles interact when they are in contact, ie the nterval between them is effectively zero, ie joined by null geodesic.

We are engaged in the exegesis of the natural language / mathematical texts of physics utilizing a sort of copernican revolution moving from continuous mathematics to discrete mathematics.

Basically, the Pope is an absolute monarch and uses his power to suppress the creative evolution of a true human picture of the world. What would happen to theology if the oppressive power of the pre-scientific outlook was suddenly removed.

On the Political direction of Intelligence: Intelligence has two meanings, data and insight into data. Newspaper ownership and direction. Paper Tigers Coleridge.

Thursday 19 August 2010

[page 11]

The finite velocity of communication enables us to establish a time ordering of causes and effects which can be represented by a communication cone. In the one dimensional world of quantum events, this cone is simply a 'timeline' which may be very short, since quantum mechanics has no memory all we can do is calculate the next state from the one before.

We begin with a stripped down version of quantum mechanics ['naked quantum mechanics'] as it exists in its own one dimensional space and then turn to the creation of spacetime and the projection of quantum events onto the space-time manifold.

Continuous mathematics assumes that there is always more detail to be resolved (as in the high hopes of quantum computation) It jibs at quantization and the resultant 'uncertainty'.

Constructing probabilities with a computer network. Building up from simpler constructions with coins, dice, roulette wheels and urns to the probabilities of halting (thus becoming an event).

What science is trying to do is elucidate the reliable (invariant) structures of the Universe that is the processes that can be represented by isolated Turing machines, which are equivalent to eigenfunctions.

Physics Today On modelling the world. or Physical Review D.

We cannot observe instances of a quantum process because isolated computers (ie determinstic) 0nly their outcomes which are predicted by quantum mechanics So we model fixed points in the Universe by deterministic comp;uters or algorithms

[page 12]

From this point of view, a fixed point is equivalent to the software loaded into a universal Turing machine to compute a particular instance of a particular function.

Quantum mechanics has no memory so it follows a purely random path, the probability of each state does not change as we repeat identical preparations.

Camus Sisyphus 'O my soul, do not aspire to immortal life, but exhaust the limits of the possible.' Pindar, Pythian iii Pindar - Wikipedia, Camus Quantum mechanics per se describes the boson layer of complexity which can be represented as the one dimensional of the quantum harmonic oscillator that, through Planck, ushered quantum physics into our description of the world.'

We hypothesize that the quantization of the Universe results from conformity to the requirements of the theory of communication, that messages must be digital to allow perfect deterministic recovery.

The Pope is a politician exercising political control over the Catholic communication network, censoring some messages deemed dangerous from the Pope's point of view as tending to undermine his franchise.

not-p is orthogonal to p, in that their product is nothing, in probabilistic terms p and not-p is impossible [probability 0].

The promised land was beautiful advertising but a tawdry, bloody, genocidal reality.

[page 13]

Camus Introduction (James Wood) page ix: 'While Kierkegaad insists, in The Sickness Unto Death, that Christianity ' begins' with the concept of sin, Camus insists again and again that we are innocent. While Kierkegaad argues that paganism is no more than being in a state of despair but being ignorant of it, Camus delights in paganism, and in a paganism that is not ignorant of itself, but thoroughly self aware and relentlessly vigilant. While Dostoevsky proposes suicide as the only logical response to an awarness that God does not exist, Camus proposed that the man without God must not kill himself, but realize instead that he is condemned to death, and live his life saturated with that terrible knowledge; Camus proposes awareness itself.'

Christianity, Melville, Pierre 'Silence is the only voice of our God . . . how can a man get a voice out of silence? Melville

The natural God chatters on non-stop at about 10100 words per second [within any horizon].

Wood, page x: 'Camus is forced into his own leap, which is the assertion -- and it is not much more -- that we must oppose the world's meaninglessness with our revolt, our freedom, and our passion.'

All of which are meanings built into human nature by selection.

page xi: 'Death only becomes a problem for those religious believers who see life as something more than material existence, which is why Christians must announce that death os conquered. . . . Camus cannot evade death; instead, as it were, he will (in both senses of the word) entertain death, keep it busy.

Natural religion trades eternal life for being temporarily part of God

[page 14]

Wood page xi: Camus: 'in a Universe suddenly divested of illusions and lights, man feels an alien, a stranger. His exile is without remedy since he is deprived of the memory of a lost home of the hope of a promised land. The divorce between man and his life, the actor and his setting, is properly the feeling of absurdity.'

Because camus has not learnt to decode our real place in the divine Universe.

page xii: 'The stranger or exile is the absurd man, awake to the impossibility of reconciling himself to his situation.'

Formal mathematics assumes an infinite resolution, whereas real mathematics has to build itself up from the empty set, implementing error correcting systems powerful enough to resolve the emergent levels of complexity.

One cannot understand real mathematics without including the mathematicians. Tymoczko

Most mystical literature seems to bean exercize in obfuscation designed to increase the political power (= f(number of followers) ) of the guru in question. Jesus was much more concrete.

One might say that this model of the Universe is impersonal but we are persons and we are part of it so it is at least partially personal and when we apply Cantor symmetry to this proposition we see that the Universe is an infinite set of personalities, that is of independent sources, as the Person of the Trinity are imagined to be.

[page 15]

Friday 20 August 2010

Veltman page 15: 'In a quantum mechanical description the state of a free spinless particle is completely specified by its three-momentum.

V assumes the existence of a background space-time and overlooks the one dimensional nature of quantum mechanics in itself.

V: 'We do not postulate commutation rules, but we postulate that a particle of well defined momentum and energy is defined by a plane wave.'

ie by a periodic function! φ = exp(-iE / H bar)

page 26: 'Since the range of momenta is infinite [and continuous ? ] the space of a single particle is already of infinite dimension'

And on this assumption, is the space of two particles transfinite, ie the set of permutations of the space of one particle?

The mathematics of quantum mechanics seems to completely disregard the ordering of basis vectors in Hilbert space.

Veltman page 17: 'discretization' of momentum by assuming the Universe is a square box of volume V.

'What we are doing here is of course quite horrible: we are violating Lorentz invariance. A square box of volumeV is not Lorentz invariant.

Here arises the idea (obscured by the assumption of 4-space)

[page 16]

that unobservable quantum transformations are outside space (have no memory) and are not therefore subject to Lorentz transformation.

Veltman page 17: 'This plague, having to abandon Lorentz invariance in order to define the formalism, seems common to all approaches to quantum field theory. One always needs some kind of grid. The final results, the Feynman rules, do not suffer from this breaking of Lorentz invariance. We will, by necessity, ignore this difficult issue.

The 'grid' is the set of quanta of action, which is formally the set of Turing machines. A functioning machine is an isolated point that may be visualized as moving around a space of states (defined by Davis's tetrads [quadruples] Davis).

This article is inspired by some words of Veltman and a few ideas from Zee: First that it is time to go beyond the harmonic paradigm and second that quantum mechanics is one dimensional field theory.

Quantum mechanics describes permanent particles with well defined energies. Quantum field theory describes evanescent particles, ie particles which are elements of the universal memory whose states change as the process proceeds.

The 'permanent' particles of quantum mechanics can exit all at once in a superposition.

The Feynman rules tell us how to compute the probability of discrete events.

[page 16]

Veltman p[age 18-19: 'In fact, thinking of an electron, charge density must be proportional to probability current and probability density, with a conservation equationμPμ(x) = 0 analogous to the conservation of electric charge.'

Probability density = event density (mapped onto 4-space) [= energy density].

. . .

A common religious claim is access to the real truth about the human condition. Our approach to this question is thorough history: if you want to know why we are here study our history. The power that made us is there for us to take advantage of: life is what we make it. Christianity has got us off to a bad start by branding us all sinners but once we see that this claim is motivated by politics rather than science, we can shrug it off and move on to studying the world and ourselves as it really is, a wonderful system honed by billions of years of trial, error and success.

Abbot is Catholic, Julia atheist. Tony Abbott MHR, Bella Counihan What is the difference? It is clear that we are part of something very much bigger than ourselves. Whether we call this god or not-god makes absolutely no difference to the reality; the rose by any other name would smell as sweet principle. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet - Wikipedia Here, then, enter the Greens. The foundation of greenery is a new theology: our lives are not controlled by some remote omniscient, omnipotent being. They are controlled by our habitat, our environment, material and spiritual. Greens say the Earth is Our Mother, and we must take care of Her. Very true. The Earth is also our God, creating us and judging us. If you fall off a very high place,

[page 17]

your judgement is very likely death. If you play your cards right, you will probably win in the end This is the judgement of reality. If we damage our environment we damage ourselves. The planet may be huge but it is very sensitive. Small changes in the arrangement of the solar system drive large changes in global climate.

Greenery is Islamic,. We must submit to the requirements of our environment if we are to survive. It is much bigger and more powerful than us, and if we step out of line we may begin the path to extinction.

Saturday 21 August 2010

Veltman page 19: 'Thus corresponding to a Lorentz transformation there is a big complicated transformation in Hilbert space.'

This conclusion (which I am inclined to think false) arises from Veltman's initial assumption to project all quantum states onto 4-space without developing the 4-space from the native one space formulation of quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics is the basic hardware code of the Universe.

We are inclined to match the opposition hardware software with the opposition permanent / ephemeral, but we know that software is of itself eternal, and a particular instance of software (eg the Bible) will last forever provided that its hardware foundation is renewed when it deteriorates,

[17]

by copying.

MEMORY = MATERIA PRIMA
FORM = A state of memory represented by (eg) a string of symbol;s which may be treated as a vector in a sufficiently symmetrical context, ie where the ordering of the basis states in the relevant Hilbert space is irrelevant, so all permutations are equivalent.

Veltman page 21: V repeats in bold 'To every Lorentz transformation, or more generally a Poincare transformation, corresponds a transformation in Hilbert space'

'Since we want physics to be unique we will insist that this is a one-one correspondence.

So

'If the correspondence is unique then the product of two Lorentz transformation L1 and L2 must correspond to the product of two corresponding transformations X1 and X2 in Hilbert space. . . . We say that the transformations X in Hilbert space are a representation of the Lorentz group. Again, the matrices X are in general very different from the matrices L.'

The metric of the mind measures the association of ideas which can be crudely measured by the rte of communication between regions of the network representing the ideas whose distance is being measured.

Stationary point - point of stagnation. Stagnation point - Wikipedia

Copyright:

You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.


Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Camus, Albert, and Justin O'Brien (translator, James Wood (Introduction), The Myth of Sisyphus, Penguin Classics 2000 Amazon Product Description 'In this profound and moving philosophical statement, Camus poses the fundamental question: is life worth living? If human existence holds no significance, what can keep us from suicide? As Camus argues, if there is no God to give meaning to our lives, humans must take on that purpose themselves. This is our absurd task, like Sisyphus forever rolling his rock up a hill, as the inevitability of death constantly overshadows us. Written during the bleakest days of the Second World War, "The Myth of Sisyphus" argues for an acceptance of reality that encompasses revolt, passion and, above all, liberty. This volume contains several other essays, including lyrical evocations of the sunlit cities of Algiers and Oran, and the settings of his great novels "The Outsider" and "The Plague". About the Author Albert Camus is the author of a number of best-selling and highly influential works, all of which are published by Penguin. They include THE FALL, THE OUTSIDER and THE FIRST MAN. He is remembered as one of the few writers to have shaped the intellectual climate of post-war France, but beyond that, his fame has been international. Translated by Justin O'Brien With an Introduction by James Wood.' 
Amazon
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Coleridge, Nicholas, Paper Tigers: Latest greatest Newspaper Tycoons and How They Won the World, Mandarin 1994 Amazon Product Description 'Nicholas Coleridge interviewed more than 800 people to research this investigation into the power of newspaper proprietors. He reveals the complex web of rivalries, jealousies, alliances and obsessions of the press tycoons as they feud for territory and prestige around the world. He shows how, as they become fewer in number, the influence of the world's top 25 owners is dramatically increasing. From Rupert Murdoch to Conrad Black and Lord Rothermere, from the great American owners such as the Grahams of Washington and the Sulzbergers of New York, to the vast family fiefdoms emerging across Asia and the Far East, and the break-up of the global newspaper empires of Robert Maxwell and of the Fairfaxes in Australia, Coleridge discloses their foibles, their political manoeuvring and their eccentricities.' 
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Davis, Martin, Computability and Unsolvability, Dover 1982 Preface: 'This book is an introduction to the theory of computability and non-computability ususally referred to as the theory of recursive functions. The subject is concerned with the existence of purely mechanical procedures for solving problems. . . . The existence of absolutely unsolvable problems and the Goedel incompleteness theorem are among the results in the theory of computability that have philosophical significance.' 
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Melville, Herman, Pierre or the Ambiguities, Kessinger Publishing 2010 Amazon customer review: Bad, Bizarre and Brilliant, This review is from: Pierre, or The Ambiguities: Volume Seven, Scholarly Edition (Melville) (Paperback) 'Pierre is perhaps the strangest novel of all time: bizarre, to say the least, but brilliant in its extravagence. At a minimum, it is one of Melville's central novels that deconstructs the entire myth of pre-war American society in its explorations of incest, patricide and psychosis. It is almost inconceivable that Melivlle really believed that it would be popular (which he did), for it shows the impossibility of writing as an American author, the impossibility of originality, and the impossibility of self-reliance. Beware: it is not for the faint of heart. It is demanding, relentlessly challenging, and very rewarding. February 17, 2000 By A Customer 
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Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom's Cabin: Or Life Among the Lowly, Penguin Classics 1981 Amazon product description: 'Published in 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel was a powerful indictment of slavery in America. Describing the many trials and eventual escape to freedom of the long-suffering, good-hearted slave Uncle Tom, it aimed to show how Christian love can overcome any human cruelty. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" has remained controversial to this day, seen as either a vital milestone in the anti-slavery cause or as a patronising stereotype of African-Americans, yet it played a crucial role in the eventual abolition of slavery and remains one of the most important American novels ever written.' 
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Tymoczko, Thomas, New Directions in the Philosophy of Mathematics: An Anthology, Princeton University Press 1998 Jacket: 'The traditional debate among philosophers of mathematics is whether there is an external mathematical reality, something out there to be discovered, or whether mathematics is the product of the human mind. ... By bringing together essays of leading philosophers, mathematicians, logicians and computer scientists, TT reveals an evolving effort to account for the nature of mathematics in relation to other human activities.' 
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Veltman, Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. ...' 
Amazon
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Links
A rose by any other name would smell as sweet - Wikipedia A rose by any other name would smell as sweet - Wikipedia, the free encyhclopedia '"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet" is a quote by William Shakespeare from his play Romeo and Juliet meant to say that the names of things do not matter, only what things are.' back
Bella Counihan The Atheism Factor 'The Atheism factor Bella Counihan August 17, 2010 "We don't want a godless Prime Minister!" called the pastor on a rumbling truck atop of Canberra's Mount Ainslie to his congregation. There they were, Catch the Fire ministry, massed on a cold Saturday morning to engage in "spiritual warfare" to see "ungodly forces" removed from parliament. But as Goanna stood there observing the scene of Nalliah devotees (who are also naturally voters in this election), the question did arise, Julia's atheism is going to be a divisive issue for some, but in 2010, is it really going to affect the way people vote?' back
Compromise of 1850 - Wikipedia Compromise of 1850 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose from expectation of territorial expansion of the United States with the Texas Annexation (December 29, 1845) and the following Mexican-American War (1846–1848). It avoided secession or civil war at the time and quieted sectional conflict for four years until the divisive Kansas–Nebraska Act.' back
Dies Irae - Wikipedia Dies Irae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Dies Irae (Day of Wrath) is a famous thirteenth century Latin hymn thought to be written by Thomas of Celano.[1] It is a medieval Latin poem characterized by its accentual stress and its rhymed lines. The metre is trochaic. The poem describes the day of judgment, the last trumpet summoning souls before the throne of God, where the saved will be delivered and the unsaved cast into eternal flames.' back
Evil empire - Wikipedia Evil empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Reagan's March 8, 1983 speech to the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida is his first recorded use of the phrase "evil empire." Reagan said:

In your discussions of the nuclear freeze proposals, I urge you to beware the temptation of pride, the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all and label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil' back

Harriet Beecher Stowe Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin Homepage 'The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; Presenting the Original Facts and Documents Upon Which the Story Is Founded, Together with Corroborative Statements Verifying the Truth of the Work. By Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1854.'

Stowe wrote this book to defend her novel against one of the most wide-spread complaints that pro-slavery critics lodged against it -- that as an account of slavery Uncle Tom's Cabin was wholly false, or at least wildly exaggerated. Thus The Key is organized around that defensive project, taking up her major characters one at a time, for example, to cite real life equivalents to them. At the same time, defending her novel led her to mount a more aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had. In the novel she works hard to be sympathetic to white southerners as well as black slaves; here, her prose seems much angrier, both morally and rhetorically more contemptuous. One explanation for this sharper tone could be the novel's reception in the South, where no one seems to have appreciated her attempt to be fair. Stowe was probably unprepared for the South's shrill rejection of the book.

The Key is prickly, dense book, with none of the readability of Uncle Tom's Cabin. When it first came out, it was also a best seller, though it's likely many bought it without understanding its nature. It's also a kind of fiction. Although it claims to be about the sources Stowe consulted while writing the novel, for example, she read many of the works cited here only after the novel was published. back

Operation Menu - Wikipedia Operation Menu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Operation Menu was the codename of a covert United States Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 until 26 May 1970, during the Vietnam War leading to the destruction of over 1,000 towns and villages, the displacement of 2,000,000, and the deaths of over 700,000 to 1,000,000 Cambodians. The supposed targets of these attacks were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and forces of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF or derogatively, Viet Cong), which utilized them for resupply, training, and resting between campaigns across the border in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).' back
Pentagon Papers - Wikipedia Pentagon Papers - Wikipedia, the free encyhclopedia 'The Pentagon Papers, officially titled United States–Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense, was a top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. The papers were first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of the New York Times in 1971.[1] A 1996 article in the New York Times said that the Pentagon Papers "demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance"' back
Pindar - Wikipedia Pindar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Pindar (Greek: Πίνδαρος, Pindaros; Latin: Pindarus) (ca. 522–443 BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved.' back
Stagnation point - Wikipedia Stagnation point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero.[1] Stagnation points exist at the surface of objects in the flow field, where the fluid is brought to rest by the object. The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure is highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is at its maximum value at stagnation points. This static pressure is called the stagnation pressure. . . . On a streamlined body fully immersed in a potential flow, there are two stagnation points — one near the leading edge and one near the trailing edge. On a body with a sharp point such as the trailing edge of a wing, the Kutta condition specifies that a stagnation point is located at that point. The streamline at a stagnation point is perpendicular to the surface of the body.' back
Tony Abbott MHR Federal Member for Warringah - Tony Abbott MHR 'Tony Abbott was elected Member for Warringah at a by-election in March 1994. Prior to entering Parliament he was Executive Director of Australians for Constitutional Monarchy from 1993-94. From 1990-93 he was press secretary and political advisor to the Leader of the Opposition, Dr John Hewson. His previous career was in journalism, where he wrote as a feature writer for 'The Bulletin' and 'The Australian'.' back

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