natural theology

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vol VII: Notes

2013

Notes

[Sunday 24 February 2013 - Saturday 2 March 2013]

[Notebook: DB 74 CREATION]

[page 119]

Sunday 24 February 2013

Johnson, Nemesis Johnson

Johnson page 26: US destruction of Iraq electricity generation and water purification with the express intention of causing civilian casualties. [The commanders of armies are responsible for collateral damage.]

Computability and incomputability are relative ideas. Something is computable if it lies within machine infinity, which may be any number greater than one (on the assumption that a system with a message space of one has nothing to compute [a representation of the Classical God, our starting point here.]

Monday 25 February 2013

Johnson page 48: Polk and Schuster Looting of Iraq Museum . . . Polk & Schuster

When a level or a discrete system at a certain level encounters a fatal error it must quit and be reloaded, which in the case of human and natural life in general means dies and is reborn, as I am reborn on my children.

We can only study the fixed points of a system and use some mathematical or other imaginative structure to bridge the gaps between the fixed points, that is a

[page 120]

process that joins them.

The Pope's fundamental problem is that he institutionally bound not to admit that he has ever been wrong, and so if an error is made it becomes fixed (in principle) for all time. The fundamental error, as we repeat endlessly, is the claim that God is wholly other than the World and essentially invisible to us.

Tuesday 26 February 2013

Johnson Nemesis page 62: Holland: "The central paradox of Roman society . . . [was] that savage divisions of class could coexist with an almost religious sense of community." '

Euripides Medea Euripides - Wikipedia, Euripides

page 75: Arendt ' "administrative massacres" ' Arendt

Johnson page 76: 'All empires, it seems, require myths of divine right, racial preeminence, manifest destiny or a "civilizing mission" to cover their often barbarous behaviour.'

Reinhold Niebuhr: ' "The tendency to claim God as an ally for our partisan values is the source of all religious fanaticism. Reinhold Niebuhr - Wikipedia

The Catholic Church (through its various agents) did a good job of inhibiting me, but I am slowly

[page 121]

breaking free and letting my lust for life flow. This is unlikely to do too much damage in my aging condition, but I do feel a prophetic urge in me to propagate my theological idea now that it seems to me to be sound and also capable of yielding great benefits to human intelligence and our collective power of survival by proving a firm empirical foundation to our dealings with the divinity, which includes one another, and the prediction that communication implies peace.

Drama/writing, converting words into emotions and vice versa—the words are the potential and emotion to resulting movement [kinetic]. I want to elicit an emotional response to my theological words. Speech and communication in general carry down through the layers to the physical layer by which we act.

Armstrong: Islam page x: 'We never experience transcendence directly: our exstasy is always 'earthed', enshrined in something or someone below.' [Landauer Rolf Landauer] Armstrong

Armstrong page x: 'Each tradition encourages the faithful to focus their attention on an earthly symbol that is peculiarly its own and to teach themselves to see the divine in it.' Natural theology teaches us to see all phenomena as divine. é

'In Islam, Muslims have looked for God in history. Their sacred scripture, the Quran, gave them a historical mission,. Their chief duty was to create a just community in which all members, even the most weak and vulnerable, were treated with absolute respect.'

page xi: 'A Muslim had to redeem history, and that meant

[page 122]

that state affairs were not a distraction from spirituality but the stuff of religion itself.'

Armstrong page xi: 'Politics was, therefore, what Christians would call a sacrament: it was the arena in which the Muslims experiences God and which enables the divine to function effectively in the world.' As if we could stop it! Sacrament - Wikipedia

'. . . one of the chief characteristics of Islam has been its sacralization of history.'

Armstrong page 6: 'Axial Age' (c 700 BCE - 2000 AD)

page 7: 'The way forward lay in a single God and a unified ummah, which was governed by justice and equity.'

page 20: 'The life and achievements of Mohammad . . . expressed the Islamic experience of 'salvation' which does not consist in the redemption of an 'original sin' committed by Adam and the admittance to eternal life, but in the achievement of a society which puts into practice God's desires for the human race.'

Wednesday 27 February 2013

Armstrong page 52: 'Each Muslim has a unique responsibility to obey God's commandments, and no religious authority . . . could come between God and the individual Muslim.' How are we to know God's commands?

page 56: 'Like Judaism, Islam is a religion that requires people to live in a certain was, rather than to accept certain credal positions.' Physical (behavioural) theology.

[page 123]

The world is a creative place and one cannot expect two geodesics to remain parallel. This applies both in general relativity and in the realm of 'generalized geodesics' which map the progress of each particle (eg me) through the peer space, ie the space of al entities with which it interacts as an equal. Notes 20 April 2003 generalized geodesic

Armstong page 90: Ibn-Khaldun and the study of history. - Al-Maqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Muqaddimah - Wikipedia

History is (for us) large scale dynamics.

page 97: 'The discovery and exploitation of gunpowder led to the development of military technology that gave rulers more power over their subjects than before.'

We think of the mi8litary as publc health technology and judge it accordingly, in life years saved per dollar spent. On this reckoning, most militaries are abysmal failures relative to all other public health measures.

Thursday 28 February 2013

The world has a skeleton of fixed points which acts as a control on the dynamics, rather like my skeleton. My skeleton itself has been shaped over a much longer period than my life by the dynamic necessities of fitness.

Waugh Brideshead 'When people hate with all that energy it is something in themselves they are hating. Alex is gating all the illusions of boyhood—innocence, God, hope.' Penguin 1982 page 120. Waugh, Evelyn Waugh - Wikipedia

The inherent inconsistency of Catholicism and reality causes much

[page 124]

pain.

Droughts, flood, fires, famines and relatives. These days I am preaching that the Universe is the Divine, but one thing I notice is that the Divine Universe is just as capricious in its treatment of us as the Gods of old, who killed everyone whenever they felt like it.

PREACHING = MARKETING = EVANGENIZATION.

Marketing is aimed at the animal in us, evangelization at the angel, for we are embodied angels, given the formal models of bodies and angels.

The psychology of the sugardaddy site: principal component love for sale, support me and I will love you. This is in effect a trade in human hardware, it is that warm, soft, living, intelligent body I want at the core of my being. This is closely connected with the fundamental act of the survival of the species, reproduction. The sugarbabies are to be found at this end of the spectrum. At the other end are those communications between is in which our bodies are means rather than ends, that is public behaviour, in offices, on streets, beaches, in church and courthouse and so on.

Friday 1 March 2013

It is easy to feel that one is fighting a losing battle against the deterioration of the world. The ultimate answer to this, given that one cannot work any

[page 125]

harder, is to increase productivity by working more intelligently, which requires that we understand better the causes and remedies for our problems. This approach has proven powerful in the case of public health, for instance, where relatively simple behavioural changes that break cycles of infection have proven effective when people can be induced to work together. This requires education, that is explaining to people the nature of the world and how to deal with it. This process is inhibited by teaching people false pictures of the world. Here one encounters the problem of traditional theologies and religions insofar as they lead us away from, rather than toward, real salvation. We are fortunate that our advances in science (an in general the understanding of history) are gradually introducing a secular (that is dynamic) theology among us, so that many of the causes and solutions of public problems are coming clear. Our principal need, then, becomes a political consensus about what to do. At present (as always ?) we are confronted by the traditional view that God is in control and doing everything for the best and the more modern view that we are the controllers of our own fate and must see what is happening around us and respond appropriately.

My principal contribution to this may be the ideas contained in Unreasonable Effectiveness, which is not making much progress on paper, but is still bubbling away in my mind.

A principal problem in dealing with our problems is 'denialism', eg we are not influencing global climate and so there is no need to do anything about it. The scientific answer to this is the weight of evidence and the political answer is to collect sufficient evidence to show that there is a

[page 126]

need to collect more, as we are doing with the instrumentation of the world. The biggest denial facing us is the religious denial of death, which focusses our interest away from the World to another imaginary world where all is well, the work of God [who has our individual best interests at heart].

The first move a new Pope must make is to strike out the doctrine of infallibility. Infallibility, denialism and other enemies of human survival = salvation. Practical salvation, preached in myth and metaphor by the old religions lies in reproduction, growing the body of the faithful and the corresponding concentration of political power.

Catholicism envisages a static God, eternal and unchanging,. The reality is an evolving divinity in perpetual motion, the living God.

Washington Post Op Ed: Infallibility, denial and death.

Everything begins as an idea in some mind and, if it is fit, gradually realizes itself, first in writing and then in production. As I get older my position on theology becomes clearer to me, and as it becomes clearer it becomes more irresistible as a replacement for current doctrine. Every idea may be seen as a rearrangement (permutation, combination) of existing ideas. This is how evolution works. 'Jesus' rearranged Old Testament ideas to create the New Testament, a piece of writing which has guided the development of a large part of the human race and brought us to the present condition, but it is showing itself powerless to take us further because us us bases on face on a false doctrine, the alienity of God.

[page 127]

Christianity vases our human rights on the idea that we are all children of God, but has perverted this insight by claiming that we are not all equal [in the sight of God], but some are better than others. This is countered by modern definitions of human rights which stress equality and so repudiate hierarchy.

Am I an erotic man? The answer is yes and it is this eroticism which ultimately gave me the impetus to break away from the Church and its denial of the role of the erotic in human life and survival. [the Universe is hot in the creative/erotic sense, it moves when inhibitions are removed since it is full of potential.]

Text is a potential which [physically embodied value] which controls and is controlled by mental process. The aim is to write a theological text of maximum potential to induce maximum force, ie maximum acceleration of the mind politic.

A signal requires a difference, a symbol, a discrete observable [a sacrament], so the rate of signalling is the rate of differentiation, rate of change. The velocity of light is a standard (fixed point) established very early in the evolution of the Universe, like Planck's constant, G and Boltzmann's constant. Speed of light - Wikipedia, Planck constant - Wikipedia, Gravitational Constant - Wikipedia, Boltzmann constant - Wikipedia

Saturday 2 March 2013

The Catholic Church walled me in with sin and shame and despair. The heavenly carrot was never so powerful

[page 128]

as the scourge of hell. I can now look back and see how my colourful childhood gradually turned grey as me and my world was slowly turned sinful before my eyes. I have built a scaffold of logic to lift myself out of it and now I am coming into the sunshine again. Although it has rained now for a fortnight, somewhat depressing, I am conscious that the sun shines above the clouds and brings the rain to water the earth, a magnificent system that turn our thoughts to divine design.

As I am coming out of the grey world of ancient religion, the world is still suffering the wars of religion that have beset us from the beginning of known history. My idea is that war is rendered obsolete by true theology and now seems to be a good time to propagate the idea to cheer ourselves up. A third wave of 'good news', the fruit of the tree of knowledge that the monarchs who rule by violence and despair have struggled so long to suppress. The evil we face is secrecy, the playground of the devil, undetected error, undiagnosed disease, sapping the spirit of the body politics.

Here ends DB74 Creation
Go to DB75 Reconstruction

[page 1]

Every day begins for me in the grey dawn and the waking worries that go with it, to be gradually dispelled by the awakening of energy and reason that accompanies the rising sun (even when it is invisible behind the rain clouds, as this morning).

Brideshead page 209: 'Nothing could have been further from Julia's ambition than a royal marriage. She knew, or thought she knew, what she wanted, and it was not that. But wherever she turned, it seemed to her religion stood as a barrier between her and her natural goal.

'And it seemed to her the thing was a dead loss. If she apostatized now, having been brought up in the [Catholic] Church, she would go to hell, while the Protestant girls of her acquaintance, schooled in happy ignorance, could marry eldest sons, live at peace with their world and get to heaven before her.'

Cooperation is equivalent to parallel processing and requires common communication protocols to enable subprocesses to interact with each other for the 'common good'.

page 207: 'From that moment [Julia] shut her mind against her religion.'

The power of cooperation is so great that it will often prevail no matter how inefficient and violent the means of obtaining it, as the elite know, those

[page 2]

inclined to become wealthy by controlling (ruling) others.

the power of an embodies symbol comes from its consistency, it works.

WELL BUILT = WORKS WELL

So we are looking for an operating system for the human layer of the Earth that works well, that is, respects, maintains and exploits the subsystems from which it is constructed.

Bently in Brecht Galileo page 34: 'At the end the play abuts upon the Marxist realization that the people must learn not to rely on the Great Men of the bourgeoisie for their salvation, they will have to save themselves . . . Brecht

Though a social setback is recorded, science marches ahead—in which contrast, between a rotten society and a flourishing science, we again glimpse the twentieth century.'

Society will remain 'rotten' until science expands to embrace the theological foundation of society and shows that it is possible to construct a society consistent with the world which we inhabit.

MEMORY = FIXED POINT

Copyright:

You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.


Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Harvest Books 1973 'Generally regarded as the definitive work on totalitarianism, this book is an essential component of any study of twentieth-century political movements. Arendt was one of the first to recognize that Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union were two sides of the same coin rather than opposing philosophies of Right and Left. With The Origins of Totalitarianism Hannah Arendt emerges as the most original and profound—therefore the most valuable—political theoretician of our times" (New Leader).' 
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Armstrong, Karen, Islam: A Short History, Phoenix/Orion 2002 Jacket: 'One of the greatest of the world religions through the 1500 years of its existence, Islam has also been by far the most misunderstood. The Western world has undergone a complete revolution of thought in recent centuries, but its mistrust of Islam is still essentially medieval. . . . Karen Armstrong's book cuts through the cliché to reveal a faith which has inspired as many scholars, mystics and poets as soldiers. Islam, she makes clear, has not only been one of the world's most important and inspiring religions but the basis for one if its most illustrious civilizations.' 
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Brecht, Bertolt, and Eric Bentley (editor and introduction), Charles Laughton (translator), Galileo, Grove Press 1966 Jacket: 'Considered by many to be one of Brecht's masterpieces, Galileo explores the question of a scientists's social and ethical responsibility, as the brilliant Galileo must choose between his life and his life's work when confronted with the demands of the Inquisition,. Through the dramatic characterization of the famous physicist, Brecht examines the issues of scientific morality and the difficult relationship between the intellectual and authority.'  
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Clausewitz, Carl von, and Michael Eliot Howard (translator), Peter Paret (Introduction), On War, Princeton University Press 1999 Amazon Product Description 'On War is the most significant attempt in Western history to understand war, both in its internal dynamics and as an instrument of policy. Since the work's first appearance in 1832, it has been read throughout the world, and has stimulated generations of soldiers, statesmen, and intellectuals.' 
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Feynman, Richard P, and Robert B Leighton, Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (volume 3) : Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley 1970 Foreword: 'This set of lectures tries to elucidate from the beginning those features of quantum mechanics which are the most basic and the most general. ... In each instance the ideas are introduced together with a detailed discussion of some specific examples - to try to make the physical ideas as real as possible.' Matthew Sands 
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Fowles, John, The French Lieutenant's Woman, Back Bay Books 1998 Amazon book description: 'Perhaps the most beloved of Fowles's internationally bestselling works, The French Lieutenant's Woman is a feat of seductive storytelling that effectively invents anew the Victorian novel. "Filled with enchanting mysteries and magically erotic possibilities" (New York Times), the novel inspired the hugely successful 1981 film starring Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons and is today universally regarded as a modern classic.' 
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Gonzalez, Rafael, and Paul Wintz , Digital Image Processing, Addison Wesley 1992 'Digital Image Processing is a third generation book that builds on two highly successful earlier editions and the authors' twenty years of academic and industrial experience in image processing. The book provides an introduction to basic concepts and methodologies for image processing and develops the foundation for further study in this diverse and rapidly evolving field. The topics covered range from enhancement and restoration to image encoding, segmentation, description, recognition, and interpretation. These topics are illustrated by numerous computer-processed images.' 
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John, and Alexander Jones (editor), in The Jerusalem Bible, Darton Longman and Todd 1966 Introduction to Saint John: '[This] gospel has a complex literary form: it is akin to the earliest Christian preaching, and yet at the same time it gives the final results of a quest ... for a deeper and more rewarding apprehension of the mystery of Jesus. Each of the evangelists has his own approach to Christ's person and mission. For St John, he is the Word made flesh, come to give life to men, 1:14,and this, the mystery of the Incarnation, dominates the whole of John's thought.' p 140.  
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Johnson, Chalmers, Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic, Metropolitan Books 2008 'The third book in a series begun with Blowback (2000), which predicted harsh comeuppance for the post-cold war American "global empire," and The Sorrows of Empire (2004), which continued Johnson's thesis with a lambasting of American militarism pre- and post-September 11, this book continues the author's broad condemnation of American foreign policy by warning of imminent constitutional and economic collapse. In a chapter analyzing "comparative imperial pathologies," Johnson reminds readers of Hannah Arendt's point that successful imperialism requires that democratic systems give way to tyranny and asserts that the U.S. must choose between giving up its empire of military bases (as did Britain after World War II) or retaining the bases at the expense of its democracy (as did Rome). Johnson also predicts dire consequences should the U.S. continue to militarize low Earth orbits in pursuit of security. To some extent a timely response to recent arguments in favor of American empire, such as those of Niall Ferguson in Colossus, this account also reiterates Johnson's perennial concerns about overseas military bases, the CIA, and the artifice of a defense-fueled economy.' Brendan Driscoll 
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Kreyszig, Erwin, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley and Sons 1989 Amazon: 'Kreyszig's "Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications", provides a great introduction to topics in real and functional analysis. This book is part of the Wiley Classics Library and is extremely well written, with plenty of examples to illustrate important concepts. It can provide you with a solid base in these subjects, before one takes on the likes of Rudin and Royden. I had purchased a copy of this book, when I was taking a graduate course on real analysis and can only strongly recommend it to anyone else.' Krishnan S. Kartik  
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Nielsen, Michael A, and Isaac L Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press 2000 Review: A rigorous, comprehensive text on quantum information is timely. The study of quantum information and computation represents a particularly direct route to understanding quantum mechanics. Unlike the traditional route to quantum mechanics via Schroedinger's equation and the hydrogen atom, the study of quantum information requires no calculus, merely a knowledge of complex numbers and matrix multiplication. In addition, quantum information processing gives direct access to the traditionally advanced topics of measurement of quantum systems and decoherence.' Seth Lloyd, Department of Quantum Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Nature 6876: vol 416 page 19, 7 March 2002. 
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Polk, Milbry, and Angela M. H. Schuster, The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia, Harry N. Abrams 2005 'In April of 2003, the world watched in shock as news broadcasts reported on the break in and the looting of the Iraq National Museum in Baghdad. Priceless antiquities, spanning ten thousand years of human history, were torn out from their glass cases, statues were thrown to the floor and smashed, and remains of temples and royal palaces were broken into pieces. The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad is a reconstruction in book form of one of the world's largest and most important museums, which will never be the same again. Focusing on the objects housed at the museum and collected over decades of painstaking archaeological research and study, the book traces the rich tapestry of the history of ancient Mesopotamia from its earliest prehistory to the advent of Islam. Iraq is a country of firsts: the earliest villages, cities, writing, poetry, epic literature, temples, codified religion, armies, warfare, world economy and empire. The archaeological artefacts that were looted represent our collective history and help us understand how our civilizations first began and then evolved. The looting of archaeological sites continues to this day, and has spawned a large illicit trade in stolen artefacts. Told through the art, artefacts, and writings that were lost recently in Iraq, this fascinating history of the civilizations of the Near East is sure to be a timeless and enduring book.'  
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Prigogine, Ilya , From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, Freeman 1980 Jacket: 'How has order emerged from chaos? In this book, intended for the general reader with some background in physical chemistry and thermodynamics, Ilya Prigogine shows how systems far from equilibrium evolve elaborate structures: patterns of circulation in the atmosphere, formation and propagation of chemical waves, the aggregation of single-celled animals. In an effort to understand these phenomena, he explores the philosophical implications of the work that won him the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.' 
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Prigogine, Ilya, The End of Certainty, Free Press 1997 From Kirkus Reviews 'A Nobel Prizewinning chemist bridges science and philosophy in explaining how chaos theory shows that time is real and determinism untenable. To some, the title may misleadingly suggest a book about the hopelessness of knowing whether anything is real. In fact, Prigogine (coauthor, Order Out of Chaos, 1984, etc.) argues that one object of everyday belief--the irreversibility of events, or the arrow of time--is much more real than classical and quantum physics have allowed. According to Prigogine, most physicists, from Newton to Einstein to Stephen Hawking, have described the universe as deterministic and ``time-symmetrical''--with the corollary that time, probability, and free will can only be illusions resulting from human ignorance. Because that view conflicts with much of philosophy and common sense, it has contributed to the alienation of science from the rest of human culture. Prigogine moves toward ending that alienation by affirming the reality of time, arguing that advances in the physics of nonequilibrium processes and unstable systems now make it possible to revise the basic laws of physics ``in accordance with the open, evolving universe in which mankind lives.'' In passages dense with mathematics, Prigogine shows how probability and irreversibility affect particle interaction, thermodynamics, classical and quantum mechanics, and cosmology. The validity of these claims can only be judged by specialists; the general reader is given little aid in understanding them, much less in gauging how well they support the author's belief that ``we are actually at the beginning of a new scientific era.'' But the nonmathematical sections of the book concisely outline Prigogine's brand of realism: one in which actions have meaning and creativity is prized because consequences are real and the future cannot be predicted. A blend of philosophy and physics that will stir both specialists and nonspecialists to think freshly about what is real.' -- Copyright ©1997, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved. 
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Tanenbaum, Andrew S, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall International 1996 Preface: 'The key to designing a computer network was first enunciated by Julius Caesar: Divide and Conquer. The idea is to design a network as a sequence of layers, or abstract machines, each one based upon the previous one. ... This book uses a model in which networks are divided into seven layers. The structure of the book follows the structure of the model to a considerable extent.'  
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Waugh, Evelyn, Brideshead Revisited, Penguin Books 2000 Amazon customer review: An Often Misunderstood Classic of 20th Century Literature By Gary F. Taylor "Like most great novels, BRIDESHEAD REVISITED is about a great many things--not the least of which is the decline of English aristocracy. But at center, Evelyn Waugh's greatest novel (and one of his few non-satirical works) is about religious faith, and how that faith continues to operate in the lives of even those who seem to reject it, and how that faith supports even those who falter badly in it. . . . ' 
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Papers
Turing, Alan, "On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2, 42, 12 November 1937, page 230-265. 'The "computable" numbers maybe described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost as easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integrable variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique. I hope shortly to give an account of the rewlations of the computable numbers, functions and so forth to one another. This will include a development of the theory of functions of a real variable expressed in terms of computable numbers. According to my definition, a number is computable if its decimal can be written down by a machine'. back
Links
A K Dewdney A K Dewdney's Scientific American Articles on Core War 'ore War is a game created by A. K. Dewdney in which rival programs battle to the death. First written about in Scientific American in the 1980's in the following articles. Please note that these articles are very old, so any addresses and references may be out of date.' back
Alan Turing On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem 'The “computable” numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates, and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique.' back
Alan Turing On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem 'The "computable" numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by some finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable of a real or computable variable, computable predicates and so forth. . . . ' back
Axial Age - Wikipedia Axial Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Axial Age or Axial Period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the Axis Age.' back
Boltzmann constant - Wikipedia Boltzmann constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is the physical constant relating energy at the particle level with temperature observed at the bulk level.'Values of k[ Units 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 J K−1 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 eV K−1 1.380 6504(24) × 10−16 erg K−1 back
Euripides Euripides, Medea (e-text) back
Euripides - Wikipedia Euripides - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Euripides (Greek: Εὐριπίδης) (c. 480 – 406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him but according to the Suda it was ninety-two at most. Of these, eighteen or nineteen have survived complete (there has been debate about his authorship of Rhesus, largely on stylistic grounds)[1] and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays.' back
Evelyn Waugh - Wikipedia Evelyn Waugh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966), known as Evelyn Waugh, was an English writer of novels, biographies and travel books. He was also a prolific journalist and reviewer. His best-known works include his early satires Decline and Fall (1928) and A Handful of Dust (1934), his novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) and his trilogy of Second World War novels collectively known as Sword of Honour (1952–61). Waugh is widely recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the 20th century.' back
Gravitational Constant - Wikipedia Gravitational Constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The gravitational constant denoted by letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation(s) of gravitational force between two bodies.' back
Habeas corpus - Wikipedia Habeas corpus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Habeas corpus (Latin: "may you have [your] body") is a writ, or legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention. The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to his aid. Habeas corpus originated in the English legal system, but it is now available in many nations. It has historically been an important legal instrument safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state action. It is a writ requiring a person to be brought before a judge.' back
Metanoia - Wikipedia Metanoia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Metanoia (from the Greek μετάνοια, metanoia, changing one's mind) in the context of theological discussion, where it is used often, is usually interpreted to mean repentance. However, some people[citation needed] argue that the word should be interpreted more literally to denote changing one's mind, in the sense of embracing thoughts beyond its present limitations or thought patterns (an interpretation which is compatible with the denotative meaning of repentance but replaces its negative connotation with a positive one, focusing on the superior state being approached rather than the inferior prior state being departed from).' back
Muqaddimah - Wikipedia Muqaddimah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Muqaddimah . . . also known as the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun or Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena . . . is a book written by the Maghrebian Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun in 1377 which records an early view of universal history. Some modern thinkers view it as the first work dealing with the philosophy of history or the social sciences of sociology, demography, historiography or cultural history. and economics, The Muqaddimah also deals with Islamic theology, political theory and the natural sciences of biology and chemistry. . . . ' back
New Zealand's nuclear-free zone - Wikipedia New Zealand's nuclear-free zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'In 1984, Prime Minister David Lange barred nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships from using New Zealand ports or entering New Zealand waters. Under the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987,[1][2] territorial sea, land and airspace of New Zealand became nuclear-free zones. This has since become a sacrosanct touchstone of New Zealand foreign policy.' back
Planck constant - Wikipedia Planck constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Planck constant (denoted h), also called Planck's constant, is a physical constant reflecting the sizes of energy quanta in quantum mechanics. It is named after Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory, who discovered it in 1900. . . . Planck discovered that physical action could not take on any indiscriminate value. Instead, the action must be some multiple of a very small quantity (later to be named the "quantum of action" and now called Planck's constant).' back
Reinhold Niebuhr - Wikipedia Reinhold Niebuhr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (/ˈraɪnhoʊld ˈniːbʊər/; June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American theologian, ethicist, public intellectual, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years. Also known for authoring the Serenity Prayer,[1] Niebuhr received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964.[2] Among his most influential books are Moral Man and Immoral Society and The Nature and Destiny of Man, the latter of which was written as the result of Niebuhr's delivery of the Gifford Lectures. back
Rolf Landauer Information is a Physical Entity 'Abstract: This paper, associated with a broader conference talk on the fundamental physical limits of information handling, emphasizes the aspects still least appreciated. Information is not an abstract entity but exists only through a physical representation, thus tying it to all the restrictions and possibilities of our real physical universe. The mathematician's vision of an unlimited sequence of totally reliable operations is unlikely to be implementable in this real universe. Speculative remarks about the possible impact of that, on the ultimate nature of the laws of physics are included.' back
Sacrament - Wikipedia Sacrament - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines the sacraments as "efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the graces proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions." The catechism included in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer defines a sacrament as "an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace given unto us, ordained by Christ himself, as a means whereby we receive the same, and a pledge to assure us thereof."' back
Speed of light - Wikipedia Speed of light - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact because the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time.' back
Strategic Defense Initiative - Wikipedia Strategic Defense Initiative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[1] to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.' back
The Beatles Glass Onion 1968 'White Album' back
University of Sydney Medical School Bubonic Plague comesto Sydney in 1900 - Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive 'There were 12 major plague outbreaks in Australia between 1900 and 1925 as ships imported wave after wave of infection. Government health archives record 1371 and 535 deaths. Sydney was hit hardest, but the disease also spread to North Queensland while more sporadic cases were documented in Melbourne, Adelaide and Fremantle.' back

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