natural theology

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vol VII: Notes

2018

Notes

Sunday 23 December 2018 - Saturday 29 December 2018

[Notebook: DB 83: Physical Theology]

[page 69]

Sunday 23 December 2018

[page 70]

Staying alive requires a vast number of deterministic actions from the subatomic level to the complete organism and its interaction with the environment. Although there is a lot of uncertainty in every action (eg the capture and release of an oxygen molecule by a haem group) the action, when performed has a definite and effective nature. This same paradigm operates at the quantum level. Although we cannot predict which which quantum event will occur, the actual event is precisely defined when it happens, eg a change in an electronic energy level so precise that we can use it to construct a clock accurate to one second in the age of the universe. So although timings may be uncertain, the precise nature and sequence of all the steps necessary to maintain life are determined and can be modelled by a computer network. Blood - Wikipedia, W. F. McGrew et al: Atomic clock performance enabling geodesy below the centimetre level

Years of arguing for the reform of Catholicism has been very boring. It would be good to get some reaction to put excitement into my life.

The orthodox view in quantum mechanics is that the spectrum of solutions of the quantum wave equation are in some way real so that when an observation is made that singles out one eigenfunction and the corresponding eigenvalue from the spectrum, the wave function is said to collapse. On the whole differential equations have large sets of solutions and particular solutions are picked out by boundary condition. So when we study the modes of vibration of a tight string we solve the wave equation subject to the condition that the ends of the string are stationary and it has a certain tension and mass per unit length. How do such conditions apply in quantum

[page 71]

mechanics? A first stab at this was taken by Bohr who decided that orbital angular momentum changes of atomic electrons must be integral multiple of Plancks constant. De Broglie sharpened this picture by attributing wave motion to the electron and guessing that the 'circumference' of permissible orbits should be integral multiples of the lengths of the electron waves. This general idea has been further sharpened by the eigenvalue equation which picks out those vectors whose phase is unchanged by the measurement operator. Nevertheless we are left with as many possible measurable states of a system as there are basis states in the measurement operator, and we can ask ourselves how these are realized in the quantum system. The answer may be in the network paradigm in which we imagine the eigenstates of a quantum system to be sources in a network which communicate with one another by exchanging photons. When we observe the quantum system one of these sources is chosen at random with probability calculated by the Born rule. Now the question can be posed: how do the eigenvalue equation and the Born rule apply to a neural network like my mind to elicit a particle identical to the string of text in this paragraph which I have just written? Go to bed and sleep on it. Bohr model - Wikipedia, Louis de Broglie - Wikipedia, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors - Wikipedia, Born rule - Wikipedia

Monday 24 December

There is a close connection between the modularity of mind and all other sorts of modularity. A module, such as myself, has a much higher rate of internal communication than it has with its environment. So we can imagine an enormous [difference between the] rate of neural communication going on within the module of my mind which is composing this paragraph and the actual rate of information flow through my arm, hand and pen onto this piece of paper. We may imagine the fundamental modules of the divine world being what Feynman calls the base states

[page 72]

of the world which we model mathematically as vectors or rays (circle groups) in Hilbert space , the basic modes of the universal harmony which are often imagined as having very high energy and frequency in line with the paradigm that the initial singularity is a point particle containing all the energy of the universe and so the same mass as the universe [, a somewhat meaningless concept if the universe is all there is]. This idea is a bit hard to stomach and I am always looking for a way to conceive the universe as a whole as a zero mass zero energy structure that arises by the bifurcation of action into potential and kinetic energy. The only way to establish this is to dream up a consistent model that fits both this hypothesis and the data of gravitation and particle physics. Fodor: The Modularity of Mind, Feynman, Leighton & Sands III: Chapter 8: The Hamiltonian Matrix, Feynman: Feynman Lectures on Gravitation

We are inclined to think of modules as spatially localized, as in atoms. This suggests that we interpret Fodor's modularity of mind first of all as spatially located mental functions, but when we begin to think in terms of a network, a module, that is a work unit, may be distributed throughout a network so, for instance, the human speech or writing module may entrain sectors of the brain everywhere, as has been indicated by PET scans of a person speaking. One function of a network is to overcome spatial distance. One can imagine that gravitation is the fundamental network that unifies the universe so that it is one entity, so that every structure is to some extent determined by every other, as Mach imagines. We may relate this in some way to entanglement which appears to have the Newtonian feature of instantaneous action at a distance, making the universe one module. Heyes: Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking page 171, Mach's principle - Wikipedia, Juan Yin et al: Bounding the speed of 'spooky action at a distance'

Tuesday 25 December 2018

Much of my motivation is to create an interpretation of fundamental physics that makes sense to me. There is no doubt that these theories have enormous practial significance in an engineering sense from the design of bombs to secure communication systems, but the interpretation seems to involve a lot of handwaving and marvellousness that do not seem to make sense. In a way my rather rudimentary understanding of the mathematical details makes it easier for me to think critically about what I am hearing and the project to create a consistent theological interpretation of the universe as a whole gives me a framework in which to place the various insights that slowly come to me. The project is hardly started, but I hope to live long enough to deliver it as a viable child. The new draft of physicaltheology.com is to be in essence a scientific theology purged of the political and religious framework [very obvious in naturaltheology.net] which has constrained theology ever since it emerged as a subject of speculation.

Networks in effect both overcome spatial distance by placing distant sources in communication, and create spatial distance by creating discrete copies of texts, that is fermions.

Theology since its inception has been a tool of rule. We see ubiquitous in history that the more sophisticated rulers realize that they need to be in harmony with the divinity if they are to succeed so that they almost always support a class of priests as their advisers along with their military generals, architects, agricultural advisers and so on. We see this structure well advanced in Ancient Egypt and many other ancient civilizations around the globe. Many of these advisors like

[page 74]

the military, the architects, the accountants and agriculturalists have their work naturally based on sound empirical bases, but the theologians have been relatively free to go their own way because their coupling to the divinity is relatively weak and they have a temptation to tell their masters what they want to hear. We can imagine that this is the reason why theology has not been able to make such a clean break from politics as have the more empirical sciences such as accounting, engineering and agriculture. Only now, through modern cosmology particularly, do we have the resources to build a scientific theology relatively free from political control. Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia

The notion of symmetry with respect to complexity based on Cantor's idea that the generation of the transfinite numbers is based on a 'definite law' enables us to see everything from the initial singularity through all the fundamental particles to the complex systems like planets and ourselves to the universe as a whole enables us to see all the modules in the universal network in a single perspective. Each new layer in the universe, represented by each successive transfinite number adds a new layer of complexity, but the underlying evolutionary process does not change, forming a backbone for a theory of everything, that is a theology. The devilish details have to be worked out, but each transfinite layer can be interpreted as a new Hilbert space [the tensor product of all its predecessors] which describes a new level of complexity in the system whose local dynamics is an identical implementation of local computation. Peano's axioms describe the generation of the the natural numbers by adding one. Cantor's theorem gives the full import of adding one as building a

[page 75]

new layer in the network system by adding a new layer of permutation from which a new layer of stable systems can be picked out by natural selection. Cantor's theorem poses new layers of NP problems from which computationally tractable systems represened by P problems define the solutions that represent new stable (deterministic) verifications of the intractable NP problems. From an evolutionary point of view, an orgasm is a P verification of a mating which is beyond computation, true but not open to computable discovery. P versus NP problem - Wikipedia, Cantor: Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers

Michael Weiss: America's vulnerability to Russian realism is a product of the idiotic and anti-scientific rubbish that is the backbone of American theology and religion. Michael Weiss: Russia's Secret Weapon? America's Idiocracy

'Tis of course one thing to want to do something, another to achieve it. But the desire - a potential is the beginning. Is Cantor's theorem the formal source of potential in the Universe?

Wednesday 26 December 2018

We start with a one state system which is simply a circle group moving at no particular frequency (or energy). Nor is there any way to measure the energy, because quantum systems are only sensitive to differences in energy [through superposition of frequencies] which may be kinetic or potential because it has no absolute energy scale any more than there is a location scale in the Universe. Our two fixed points are h and c, but the velocity of light is independent of the energy of the photon and the quantum of action is, as far as we can tell, independent of everything.

[page 76]

There is a certain conservation law between small events and large events. Although small events are very small, they are very frequent and so occupy much of our lives. Large events are far less frequent, but on the whole more interesting, so they too manage to occupy a large proportion of our lives. This feature of life is reflected mathematically in the conservation of action and energy [since large events are made of small events].

Religion: Primal issues in country music. Carter Family Lost Highway. Reynolds and Tanner Lost Highway: the story of Country Music, Reynolds & Tanner: The Social Ecology of Religion

. . .

Music is the symmetry that runs right through the Cantor Universe.

Alison Krauss: Alison Krauss: Down in the River to Pray

. . .

Thursday 27 December 2018

A consistent God (or judge) would render the same judgement in each identical set of circumstances. This is the foundation of science, that we expect identical experiments to yield identical results, but this requirement, while honoured in classical systems, is not honoured in more complex systems where Turing's and Gödel's theorems come into play, a serious worry for classicists and in justice, the implementation of innocence until guilt is proven.

[page 77]

Following the tracks of Aristotle from physics to God via a few points of modern theory,

Should we follow the structure of the Summa? No

More like:
1. A brief history of science 1200 - 2000
2. The large scale structure of the universe
3. The network hypothesis - knowledge, symmetry and consistency
4. The detailed structure of the universe
5. Solar sustainability
6. The theory of peace
7. Possible futures
8. Redo old Synopsis Natural theology/Synopsis

In the past I have defined religion as the technology of peace corresponding to the science of theology, but this is too narrow, perhaps motivated by the peace people who subsidized the lectures on 2BOB. So now we will say that the technology corresponding to theology is the technology of life, which is a suitably large class of events to correspond to the theory of everything. This thought was prompted by listening to Emmylou Harris and realizing that all music is sacred music since it exists inside the divinity. A Theory of Peace, Emmylou Harris and the Hot Band: Whistle Test 1977

Friday 28 December 2018

What next? A new version of scientific theology? Begin with a critique of methodology: imagination, mystique and science - Reference Knox Enthusiasm Knox: Enthusiasm: A Chapter in the History of Religion

[page 78]

The methodology of evolution / the evolution of methodology

The theology company site can be modelled on the natural religion site. Part of the job is to complete the natural theology version of the development volume (III) and provide a parallel rearranged version for physicalthelogy.com.

Paradigm shifts:

Aristotle: world is not a thing but a process
[Brahe] / Copernicus / Kepler: planetary motion
Galileo: Inertial motion
Newton: Mechanics
Maxwell: Electromagnetic radiation
Carnot: Heat engine / thermodynamics
Kirchoff: radiation equation
Planck: Quantization
Einstein: Special and general relativity
Dirac; Transformation theory
Von Neumann: Hilbert space
Turing: Computation
Shannon: Communication
[next: Theology]

We start by identifying God and the initial singularity. Then turn to a detailed study of relativity beginning with special and general relativity and showing that a black hole can form, then turn to how the system is reversed to give us the big bang.

Big move from art of peace, which is very restricted

[page 79]

to arts of life which embrace the whole spectrum with only two bounds, birth and death. Lives are quantized processes, beginning and end.

Moving the physical word, moving the mind

Saturday 29 December 2018

Paradigm shifts: prolegomenon to a new theology: a brief history of science. As political history picks out battles, science picks out paradigm changes.

Copyright:

You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.

Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Knox, Ronald, Enthusiasm: A Chapter in the History of Religion, University of Notre Dame Press 1994 Amazon customer review: 'Hard not to be very enthusiastic about this magnum opus of Msgr Ronald Knox. . . . This has been one of my favorite books over the years; read and re-read for the sheer joy of reading! Knox takes us on a marvellous journey through history, unveiling some of the mystical and "enthusiastic" movements, going back to Corinth and Montanism, and some of the "enthusiastic" personalities behind these movements. . . . ' gerard77 
Amazon
  back

Papers

Chaitin, Gregory J, "Randomness and Mathematical Proof", Scientific American, 232, 5, May 1975, page 47-52. 'Although randomness can be precisely defined and can even be measured, a given number cannot be proved random. This enigma establishes a limit in what is possible in mathematics'. back

Henzler-Wildman, Katherine, Dorothee Kern, "Dynamic Personalities of Proteins", Nature, 450, 7172, 13 December 2007, page 964-972. Abstract: 'Because proteins are central to cellular function, researchers have sought to uncover the secrets of how these complex macromolecules execute such a fascinating variety of functions. Although static structures are known for many proteins, the functions of proteins are governed ultimately by their dynamic character (or 'personality'). The dream is to 'watch' proteins in action in real time at atomic resolution. This requires addition of a fourth dimension, time, to structural biology so that the positions in space and time of all atoms in a protein can be described in detail.' . back

Links

AAP, Faith is a target, Sydney Catholic Archbishop Anthony Fisher says, ' The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney has used his annual Christmas message to condemn the perceived erosion of religious freedoms in Australia. Archbishop Anthony Fisher took aim at “hard-edged secularism” which excludes faith from the public domain.' back

Adam Vaughan, UK nuclear power station plans scrapped as Toshiba pulls out, ' Plans for a new nuclear power station in Cumbria have been scrapped after the Japanese conglomerate Toshiba announced it was winding up the UK unit behind the project. . . . The decision represents a major blow to the government’s ambitions for new nuclear and leaves a huge hole in energy policy. The plant would have provided about 7% of UK electricity.' back

Alison Krauss, Down in the River to Pray,
' As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the starry crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

O sisters, let's go down,
Let's go down, come on down
O sisters, let's go down
Down in the river to pray

As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the robe and crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

O brothers, let's go down
Let's go down, come on down
Come on, brothers, let's go down
Down in the river to pray

As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the starry crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

O fathers, let's go down
Let's go down, come on down
O fathers, let's go down
Down in the river to pray

As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the robe and crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

O mothers, let's go down
Let's go down; don't you want to go down?
Come on, mothers, let's go down
Down in the river to pray

As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the starry crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

O sinners, let's go down
Let's go down, come on down
O sinners, let's go down
Down in the river to pray

As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the robe and crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

As I went down in the river to pray
Studying about that good old way
And who shall wear the starry crown
Good Lord, show me the way!

back

Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia , 'Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer (commonly referred to as Menes). back

Associated Press, Trump Capitulated, Shocking Bolton and Erdogan: How Syria Withdrawal Call Unfolded, ' U.S. President Donald Trump’s decision to withdraw American troops from Syria was made hastily, without consulting his national security team or allies, and over strong objections from virtually everyone involved in the fight against ISIS, according to U.S. and Turkish officials. back

Australian Government, Department of Human Services, 'We deliver social and health-related payments and services.' back

Avi Steinberg, After More Than Two Decades of Work, a New Hebrew Bible to Rival the King James, ' . . . Just how did the Song of Songs, a racy pop album that was possibly sung in ancient taverns, arrive in Holy Writ? “It’s the language,” Alter told me. “The artistry of the Hebrew Bible, whose full colors and intricate patterns and designs we can never see in full, especially as they have faded under the accumulations of theological and historical readings. And the task of restoring those original colors and shadings — their nuances — is, I believe, still incomplete.” back

Blood - Wikipedia, Blood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves.' back

Bohr model - Wikipedia, Bohr model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity' back

Born rule - Wikipedia, Born rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Born rule (also called the Born law, Born's rule, or Born's law) is a law of quantum mechanics which gives the probability that a measurement on a quantum system will yield a given result. It is named after its originator, the physicist Max Born. The Born rule is one of the key principles of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. There have been many attempts to derive the Born rule from the other assumptions of quantum mechanics, with inconclusive results. . . . The Born rule states that if an observable corresponding to a Hermitian operator A with discrete spectrum is measured in a system with normalized wave function (see bra-ket notation), then the measured result will be one of the eigenvalues λ of A, and the probability of measuring a given eigenvalue λi will equal <ψ|Pi|ψ> where Pi is the projection onto the eigenspace of A corresponding to λi'. back

Candida Moss, The Catholic Church's Own Complicated History of Suicide, ' After her rape Lucretia had taken her own life. Augustine’s response was to develop the notion that by committing suicide Lucretia had committed a greater sin, a sin against God. This was a central turning point in the history of Christian thought about all kinds of things: rape, volition, the relationship between the mind and the body, and, of course, suicide. But before Augustine decried suicide as a sin most Romans considered it a respectable way to exit the mortal coil. And many Christians were hailed as martyrs for deaths that we today might call suicide.' back

Charles Duhigg, The Real Roots of American Rage, ' . . . “Everyone basically thought anger was something that mature people and societies ought to suppress,” Averill told me. “There was this attitude that if you were an angry person, you ought to be a bit embarrassed.” In journal articles and at symposia, academics described anger as a problem to be solved, an instinct with little social benefit. “But that didn’t really make any sense to me,” he said.. . .Anger, Averill concluded, is one of the densest forms of communication. It conveys more information, more quickly, than almost any other type of emotion. And it does an excellent job of forcing us to listen to and confront problems we might otherwise avoid.' back

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors - Wikipedia, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'An eigenvector of a square matrix A is a non-zero vector vthat, when the matrix multiplies yields a constant multiple of v, the latter multiplier being commonly denoted by λ. That is: Av = λv' back

Emmylou Harris and the Hot Band, Whistle Test 1977,
0:00 Intro
0:21 Feelin' Single - Seein' Double [I Really Had A Ball Last Night]
2:54 I'll Be Your San Antone Rose
6:41 Pancho & Lefty
11:43 Making Believe
16:03 C'est La Vie [You Never Can tell]
20:17 Band Intros
21:07 Tulsa Queen
25:39 Together Again
29:46 Luxury Liner
34:34 Ooh Las Vegas
back

Feynman, Leighton & Sands FLP III:08, Chapter 8: The Hamiltonian Matrix, 'One problem then in describing nature is to find a suitable representation for the base states. But that’s only the beginning. We still want to be able to say what “happens.” If we know the “condition” of the world at one moment, we would like to know the condition at a later moment. So we also have to find the laws that determine how things change with time. We now address ourselves to this second part of the framework of quantum mechanics—how states change with time.' back

H. L. Mencken, 'But when a candidate for public office . . . , ' But when a candidate for public office faces the voters he does not face men of sense; he faces a mob of men whose chief distinguishing mark is the fact that they are quite incapable of weighing ideas, or even of comprehending any save the most elemental — men whose whole thinking is done in terms of emotion, and whose dominant emotion is dread of what they cannot understand. So confronted, the candidate must either bark with the pack or count himself lost. … All the odds are on the man who is, intrinsically, the most devious and mediocre — the man who can most adeptly disperse the notion that his mind is a virtual vacuum. The Presidency tends, year by year, to go to such men. As democracy is perfected, the office represents, more and more closely, the inner soul of the people. We move toward a lofty ideal. On some great and glorious day the plain folks of the land will reach their heart's desire at last, and the White House will be adorned by a downright moron. — H.L. Mencken, 1920. back

James Mann, The Dick Cheney of "Vice" just craves power. The reality was worse, ' By disregarding his views and ideology (and several important historical moments that helped form them), “Vice” suggests that Cheney’s legacy is a soulless quest for power, rather than the advancement of fallacious beliefs that seriously damaged our nation: his unilateral approach to foreign policy, his preference for military force over diplomacy, his considerable overestimation of American strength and his desire to reshape the Middle East.' back

Juan Yin et al, Bounding the speed of 'spooky action at a distance', 'In the well-known EPR paper, Einstein et al. called the nonlocal correlation in quantum entanglement as `spooky action at a distance'. If the spooky action does exist, what is its speed? All previous experiments along this direction have locality loopholes and thus can be explained without having to invoke any `spooky action' at all. Here, we strictly closed the locality loopholes by observing a 12-hour continuous violation of Bell inequality and concluded that the lower bound speed of `spooky action' was four orders of magnitude of the speed of light if the Earth's speed in any inertial reference frame was less than 10^(-3) times of the speed of light.' back

Leslie Jamison, I Used to Insist I Didn't Get Angry. Not Anymore, ' . . . a few years ago, I started to get a knot in my gut at the canned cadences of my own refrain: I don’t get angry. I get sad. At the shrillest moments of our own self-declarations — I am X, I am not Y — we often hear in that tinny register another truth, lurking expectantly, and begin to realize there are things about ourselves we don’t yet know. By which I mean that at a certain point, I started to suspect I was angrier than I thought.' back

Lost Highway: the story of Country Music, Episode I: Down from the Mountain, The Carter Family back

Louis de Broglie - Wikipedia, Louis de Broglie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie . . . 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave-particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics.' back

Louise Loveluck & Zakaria Zakaria, syria's once-teeming prison cells being emptied by mss murder, ' In interviews, more than two dozen Syrians recently released from the Sednaya military prison in Damascus described a government campaign to clear the decks of political detainees. The former inmates said prisoners are being transferred from jails across Syria to join death-row detainees in Sednaya’s basement and then be executed in pre-dawn hangings. Yet despite these transfers, the population of Sednaya’s once-packed cells — which at their peak held an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 inmates — has dwindled largely because of the unyielding executions, and at least one section of the prison is almost entirely empty, the former detainees said. back

Mach's principle - Wikipedia, Mach's principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In theoretical physics, particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis often credited to the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. The idea is that the local motion of a rotating reference frame is determined by the large scale distribution of matter, as exemplified by this anecdote: You are standing in a field looking at the stars. Your arms are resting freely at your side, and you see that the distant stars are not moving. Now start spinning. The stars are whirling around you and your arms are pulled away from your body. Why should your arms be pulled away when the stars are whirling? Why should they be dangling freely when the stars don't move?' back

Massimo Faggioli, Trunp & the 'Constitutional Agnosicism' of the Bishops, back

Michael Weiss, Russia's Secret Weapon? America's Idiocracy, ' What the Russian security services have deftly done, and will continue to do, is tap into pre-existing pathologies in our society and simply encourage them, as an enabler might do a drug addict or alcoholic. The extent to which active measures work is the extent to which our society is already falling apart, which is the only conclusion to draw from two recent Senate-commissioned studies into Russian disinformation and propaganda efforts online in the lead-up to and aftermath of the last U.S. presidential election.' back

P versus NP problem - Wikipedia, P versus NP problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in computer science. It asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified (technically, verified in polynomial time) can also be solved quickly (again, in polynomial time). The underlying issues were first discussed in the 1950s, in letters from John Forbes Nash Jr. to the National Security Agency, and from Kurt Gödel to John von Neumann. The precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Cook in his seminal paper "The complexity of theorem proving procedures" and is considered by many to be the most important open problem in the field.' back

Robin McKie, 'For 30 years I've been obsessed by why children get leukemia. Now we have the answer', ' For full leukaemia to occur, another biological event must take place and this involves the immune system. “For an immune system to work properly, it needs to be confronted by an infection in the first year of life,” says Greaves. Without that confrontation with an infection, the system is left unprimed and will not work properly.” And this issue is becoming an increasingly worrying problem. Parents, for laudable reasons, are raising children in homes where antiseptic wipes, antibacterial soaps and disinfected floorwashes are the norm. Dirt is banished for the good of the household.' back

Ted Widmer, What Did Plato Think the World Looked Like, back

Thomas L. Friedman, Time for the G.O.P. to Threaten to Fire Trump, ' . . . last week was a watershed moment for me, and I think for many Americans, including some Republicans. It was the moment when you had to ask whether we really can survive two more years of Trump as president, whether this man and his demented behavior — which will get only worse as the Mueller investigation concludes — are going to destabilize our country, our markets, our key institutions and, by extension, the world. And therefore his removal from office now has to be on the table.' back

Vice (2018 film) - Wikipedia, Vice (2018 film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Vice is a 2018 American biographical comedy-drama film written and directed by Adam McKay. The film stars Christian Bale as Dick Cheney,[4] with Amy Adams, Steve Carell, Sam Rockwell, Alison Pill, Lily Rabe and Tyler Perry in supporting roles. The plot follows Cheney in his desire to become the most powerful Vice President in America's history.' back

W. F. McGrew et al, Atomic clock performance enabling geodesy below the centimetre level, ' The passage of time is tracked by counting oscillations of a frequency reference, such as Earth’s revolutions or swings of a pendulum. By referencing atomic transitions, frequency (and thus time) can be measured more precisely than any other physical quantity, with the current generation of optical atomic clocks reporting fractional performance below the 10−17 level. However, the theory of relativity prescribes that the passage of time is not absolute, but is affected by an observer’s reference frame. Consequently, clock measurements exhibit sensitivity to relative velocity, acceleration and gravity potential. Here we demonstrate local optical clock measurements that surpass the current ability to account for the gravitational distortion of space-time across the surface of Earth. In two independent ytterbium optical lattice clocks, we demonstrate unprecedented values of three fundamental benchmarks of clock performance. In units of the clock frequency, we report systematic uncertainty of 1.4 × 10−18, measurement instability of 3.2 × 10−19 and reproducibility characterized by ten blinded frequency comparisons, yielding a frequency difference of [−7 ± (5)stat ± (8)sys] × 10−19, where ‘stat’ and ‘sys’ indicate statistical and systematic uncertainty, respectively. Although sensitivity to differences in gravity potential could degrade the performance of the clocks as terrestrial standards of time, this same sensitivity can be used as a very sensitive probe of geopotential. Near the surface of Earth, clock comparisons at the 1 × 10−18 level provide a resolution of one centimetre along the direction of gravity, so the performance of these clocks should enable geodesy beyond the state-of-the-art level. These optical clocks could further be used to explore geophysical phenomena, detect gravitational waves, test general relativity and search for dark matter.' back

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