natural theology

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vol VII: Notes

2019

Notes

Sunday 24 November 2019 - Saturday 30 November 2019

[Notebook: DB 84 Pam's Book]

[page 22]

Sunday 24 November 2019

The structure of the universe lies in the networks and the network protocols that constitute it. What else is there? We build a network with the Boolean functions not and and. When Yahweh says I am the Lord Your God and you shall have no other Gods before me, he is invoking not-and. The Trinity, on the other hand, is three instances of both and and not, giving us a tiny network.

In the universe the content of a memory and its address are identical. Can we say that about synapses in the brain? No, the actual value of the synapse is the instantiation added as the least significant bytes of its address which is determined by the network structure which is encoded as the source and destination neurons of the connection into which the synapse is embedded. How does this relate to the tangent Minkowski space in the universal differentiable manifold? How do we understand the brain as a quantum differentiable manifold, each synapse acting as a connection in the manifold.

What we need now is a digital take on a piece of QED, ie the emission and absorption of a photon by a hydrogen atom. From a computational point of view each such event is characterized by a quantum of action, that is a halted computation. From a physical point of view the trick is to compute the energy exchange associated with this computation [which calculation is done by the universe itself, and physicists try to create a model which will give the same answer].

[page 23]

The old Bohr model, beefed up with de Broglie's insight, gives us s first approximation to the energy differences between electron states separated by one or more quanta of orbital angular momentum. To do this we need Planck's constant, electron and proton charge, electrical force law, and electron mass, a pretty disparate set of constants which we imagine might have been set very [early and] exactly by natural selection. In what order? Maybe begin with Planck's constant, time frequency and energy, all of whose values depend on our system of units. Carl R. Nave, Georgia State University: Hyperphysics

Popper Open Society 1945, 3rd ed 1957. Popper: The Open Society and its Enemies (volume 1) : The Spell of Plato

page 1: This book . . . attempts to show that this civilization has not fully recovered from the shock of its birth—the transition from tribal or 'closed' society, with its submission to magical forces, to the 'open society' which sets free the critical powers of man [sic].

page 2: 'Historicism': 'Is it within the power of any social science to make sweeping historical prophecies?'

page 3: 'This is a question of the method of the social sciences . . . A careful examination of this question has led me to the conviction that such sweeping historical prophecies are entirely beyond the scope of scientific method.' Except perhaps the prediction that the entropy of society will increases in line with the overall direction of the universe.

page 5: It seems that one has first to be disturbed by the identity of the Platonic theory of justice with the theory and practice of modern totalitarianism, before one can feel how urgent it is to interpret these matters. Hannah Arendt: The Origins of Totalitarianism

[page 23]

page 7: The Spell of Plato

Plato: 'The greatest principle of all is that nobody, whether male or female, should be without a leader." [Popper uses this quote without noting that it appears in a military context] Plato: Laws 12.942a

page 8: Chosen people: chosen race, chosen class - Aryan, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle.

Fixed point (mathematics) - Wikipediapage 11: Heraclitus → change, introduced process versus matter. Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle seeking stasis in change: fixed point theory. Fixed point (mathematics) - Wikipedia

page 14: process, algorithm, ratio, λογος

page 16: 'Heraclitus' dynamics of nature in general and especially of social life confirms the view that his philosophy was inspired by the social and political disturbances he had experienced. For he declares that strife or war is the dynamic as well as the creative principle of all change and especially of all the differences between men. Daniel W Graham (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Heraclitus

page 18: Plato: Born in Peloponnesian War so all social change is corruption, decay, degeneration, but after lowest point things improve. Plato - Wikipedia

page 21: So let's stop degeneration by devising an arrested state → eternal forms.

page 22: Plato as a social engineer. Popper wants to distinguish 'piecemeal' from 'utopian' social engineering.

page 25: Forms or ideas: the perfect beings

[page 25]

page 26: Timaeus: 'We must conceive three types of things: first those which undergo generation; secondly those in which generation takes place; and thirdly the model. Model = father; generator = mother; generated = child. Donald Zeyl & Barbara Sattler (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Plato Timaeus

page 27: gods ⇆ forms.

page 28: Parmenides: Knowledge of eternal things. John Palmer (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Parmenides

page 30: Plato and the Socratic Method Socratic method - Wikipedia

page 31: Methodological essentialism - essence of sensible things to be found in forms

page 32: versus methodological nominalism. Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Nominalism in Metaphysics

page 34: 'It is the totalitarian tendency of Plato's political philosophy which I shall try to analyze and criticize.'

page 35: Plato first social scientist — his speculative setting is the theory of forms versus universal flux and decay.

blah blah blah . . .

And so to Ahmed What is Islam (from 22 July 2016 Notes 14 July 2016, Shahab Ahmed: What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic

page 5: '. . . I seek to tell the reader what Islam has actually been as a matter of human fact in history.'

page 6: 'It is precisely the correspondence and coherence between Islam as a theoretical object or analytic category and Islam as a real historical phenomenon that is considerably and crucially lacking in present conceptualizations of the term Islam/Islamic.'

Given that the world is itself divine, a scientific theology embraces all the

[page 26]

ideas, concepts, practices, contradictions and ways of life to be found in the whole universe, physical, biological, human, psychological etc etc.

page 8: Pew: The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center: Religion and Pubic Life

page 19: Ibn Sina = Avicenna 'the man who effectively defined God for Muslims'. Dimitri Gutas (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Ibn Sina [Avicenna]

page 22: 'Frankly stated the ultimate goal of the Sufi is to rise through the hierarchy of truth to the Real-Truth God—in the process becoming freed from the prescriptions and proscriptions of the law which, upon arrival at the Real-Truth, are nullified.

Monday 25 November 2019

Ahmed: Six questions for Islam.

page 10: Q 1: What is Islamic about Islamic philosophy?

page 11: Is Ibn Sina, Avicenna an Islamic philosopher?

page 18: Ibn Sina conceptualized God as the Sole Necessary Existent upon W/which all other existents are necessarily contingent.

page 19: Q2: Is the Sufi claim that those who experience the Real-Truth are above Islamic law and ritual practice an Islamic or an un-Islamic claim?

page 21: The conceptual vocabulary of Sufism became an

[page 27]

ingrained part of the idiom of the speech of Muslim and especially of poetry—which was quite simply the most important and valued form of social communication among Muslims in the major languages of their historical self-expression, including Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Urdu.'

page 22: 'The frankly stated ultimate goal of the Sufi is to rise through the hierarchy of truth to the Real-Truth of God—in the process becoming freed from the prescriptions and proscriptions of the law which, upon at the real-Truth, are nullified.'

A bit of self -rewarding entitlement reminiscent of the divine right of kings but established by intellectual delusion rather than military violence. Given the simplicity of God, the Real-Truth lies at the bottom of the hierarchy of knowledge rather than near the top.

page 26: Question 3: 'Both the Philosophy of Illumination and the Unity of Existence thought-paradigms in the history of societies of Muslims are grounded in a hierarchical vision of the cosmos and thus in a hierarchical vision of mankind; both blur, in their respective emanationist iterations of the relationship between the Divinity and the material world, the boundary between Divine transcendence and Divine immanence, and therefore flirt incorrigibly with pantheism and relativism. Are these Islamic ideas?'

I would hope so, since they are on the way to my vision of the Real-Truth of God, that God is identical with the "material world". What we are saying here is a step toward cognitive cosmology, psycho-physics or physical theology as developed by the Theology Company.

[page 28]

page 32: Question 4: 'The most widely circulated and read book of poetry in Islamic history, the Divan of Haviz, takes as its definitive themes the ambiguous exploration of wine-drinking and often (homo-erotic) love, as well as a disparaging attitude to observant ritual piety. Is that canonical work and the ethos it epitomises Islamic?'

'The Divan of Haviz consists of about five hundred ghazals in Persian, the Ghazal being a poem written in rhyming couplets in the voice of a lover on the theme of loving an impossibly beautiful and habitually unobtainable beloved.'

Sounds very similar to courtly love described by C S Lewis in The Allegory of Love. Clive S. Lewis; The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition

The Balkans to Bengal complex (map page 74).

page 34: Haviz: 'The Tongue of the Unseen'.

As a prefatory inscription in a royally commissioned scholarly edition of the Divan of Hafiz prepared in Herat in 1501 proclaims:

This treasure house of meaning devoid of imperfection
Is the impress from that Book of No Doubt [Qur'an]
Famous in the world the emanation of the Holy Spirit
Spoken upon the tongues as the "Tongue of the Unseen".

Holy Spirit = "Spirit of the Blessed" is identified by the Qur'an as the agent of divine revelation to Muhammad (and thus generally construed as the Angel Jibril / Gabriel).

[page 29]

page 36: '. . . the definitive conceptual, experiential and expressive register of the Hafizian ghazal— which Shayegin has called "the humanitas" of Islam—is ambiguity . . . and ambivalence. . . ..'

'The socially pervasive language of the ghazal, a language in which people thought about and fashioned their experience of the self and in which they spoke to each other about the individual and collective self, is this language that expresses, not merely a theoretical tension between legal and non-legal norms—but the very ethos of lived reality comprising a plurality of evidently contradictory meanings of life.'

As we feel when we confront the divine world we inhabit, like the god of the Old Testament, a tough and often inaccessible lover.

page 45: Amir Hasan Sijzi of Delhi (1254-1338):

The work of the lover is the work of the heart:
Whose meanings are beyond belief [din] and unbelief [kufr]

page 46; Question 5: 'It might be argued that literary works of fiction and imagination are not an expression of Islam but of culture—at best of "Islamic culture"—and thus unlike works or law or theology or Qur'anic exegesis, are not to be taken as constitutive elements in conceptualising Islam.

'. . . is there such a thing as "Islamic art", and if there is, what is actually Islamic about it?'

page 48: What about objects associated with alcohol, and images:

[page 30]

The most grievously tormented people amongst the denizens of Hell on the day of Resurrection will be the makers of images.

He who makes an image . . . will be punished by God on the Day of Resurrection until he breathes life into it—which he will not be able to do.

page 49: Sharaf al-Din al Nawawi (1234-1278) 'The authorities of our school and others hold that the making of a picture of any living thing is strictly forbidden and that is one of the great sins . . ..

page 52: sed contra '. . . the historical production of figural images took place under the financial and custodial patronage of the rulers of states and their associated political and cultural elites . . . in which artists were held in high social esteem and where miniature paintings were sold as luxury goods in a roaring trade across the Islamic world . . ..

page 56: How so? ''Figural art is a means to attain the meanings of the "zenith of ascending degrees".

page 57: 'Here it would appear that the self-same language of the texts of Muhammadan Revelation is read in two hermeneutic trajectories that are so divergent as to produce two contrary values: one trajectory reads the text to categorically prohibit the image; another takes the text to celebrate the image.'

Question 6: that of wine.

[page 32]

Consumption of wine made from grapes is prohibited by all schools of Islamic law, which forbid the consumption of intoxicating liquids on the basis of a verse of the Qur'an. "Wine and games of chance are stone-idols, and divining arrows are an abomination from the works of Satan: shun it that you might do good works." 5:92

"The prohibition of wine . . . is one of the distinctive marks of the Muslim world . . ."

page 58: 'However an equally distinctive mark of the history of Muslims has been a widely held and constantly reiterated alternative evaluation of wine in non legal discourses where wine and the consumption thereof are invested with a positive meaning expressive of higher, indeed rarified value . . . '

page 61: 'Ibn Sina, who — when apparently not engaged in the problem of defining God — routinely drank wine in good company.'

page 109: My goal is precisely to formulate a conceptualization of Islam as a theoretical object that, by identfying the coherent dynamic of internal contradiction, enables us to comprehend the integrity and identity of the historical and human phenomenon at play.' See Also Dalrymple on the Mughals. William Dalrymple: The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company

Tuesday 25 November 2019

So I turn back to physical theology and the Bohr model.

[page 32]

From page 23: We need a few equations and a few constants to work out the Bohr model: Planck-Einstein, de Broglie, Maxwell, Newton, mass of electron, planck's constant, [electric constant, electron charge].

Quite a complex story, which we can break into two parts: the actual values of the physical constants like e, mass of e, planck's constant, the velocity of light and the electric and magnetic constants; and the fundamental relationships between these constants and the space and time variables defining the structure of the atom. These fundamental relationships we can take to be computable, but where do the constant's come from? An ideal physical theory would (I like to think) define all these values in terms of logical relationships that define th basic structure of the universe. We would like the gravitational constant and Boltzmann's constant to come out of there too, but how do we start? My hunch is that we somehow equate the quantum of action with the logical operation not, but then what?

What am I? A conscious sample of the universe trying to work out how I fit in. I don't exactly feel at home even though I have now got a pretty good grip on the last 14 billion years of my history, but am a bit uncertain of the future, which looks pretty lush, but I really want a bit of intellectual excitement, but it is not easy to find.

[page 33]

Timing is everything, ie phase

Bohr's pseudoclassical attempt to describe the electronic mechanism of the hydrogen atom is rather messy and does not cover all the data, so it had the effect of redoubling the effort to understand what is really going in, and I think it was Heisenberg as much as anybody who cracked the case. Werner Heisenberg

Wednesday 27 November 2019
Thursday 28 November 2019

Every event in the electronic structure of an atom involves a quantum of action but the energy involved ranges from 10 eV, about 1016 Hz, down to 1 MHz, ie a factor of 109 smaller. How do we account for this? It is due to the operative potential differences, and where do these come from? We calculate them using physical constants, like those listed above for the Bohr model. So we think potentials and constants are closely related and have something to do with symmetries, fixed points or algorithms.

Friday 29 November 2019
Garnaut: Superpower Garnaut: Super-Power: Australia's Low Carbon Opportunity

page 3: 'The Adams and Eves of Mesopotamia had not eaten of the tree of scientific knowledge and they did not know what they did.

But we do. The tragedy of the Murray-Darling is a consequence of denial and of knowledge not being applied to public policy.'

[page 34]

Does the past force us into the future by increasing entropy, or does increased entropy drag us into the future, and is entropy the dynamic potential that drives the world by the growth of space and structure out of time and energy? Energy is reversible and conserved. Entropy is not necessarily so.

The big question is What is the source of potential? Is the answer in the paragraph above? Or what? Why did the big bang go of? We might say Cantor's theorem.

We need to distinguish between the world of pure formal mathematics where there is no limit to the entropy of symbols and processes happen (or do not happen) instantaneously, and the world of reality which is constrained by space-time to a limited number of symbols and a limited processing rate [which means that space-time is both a structure and a constraint on pure action and pure energy].

Only processes operating at constant entropy like quantum mechanics, are reversible, and only reversible until unitarity is broken by observation [which involves the creation of particles and an increase in the entropy of the universe, which is in effect the creation of space]. This would seem to suggest that there is in some way no definitive potential in quantum mechanics, which may be why we can only compute the probabilities of irreversible outcomes, not the exact outcomes themselves.]

How are we to understand the entropic potential, and its gradient, the entropic force, at the quantum mechanical level as gravitation, electromagnetism, strong and weak [forces / fields] [field requires the existence of space, as do particles, and so we have the birth of quantum field theory coinciding with the emergence of special relativity and inertial 4-space?]

[page 35]

Gibbs free energy: G(p, T) = H - TS = U + pV - TS: p = pressure, T = temperature, H = enthalpy, U = internal energy, V = volume, S = entropy. Gibbs free energy - Wikipedia, Enthalpy - Wikipedia, Entropy - Wikipedia

Here we are dealing with thermodynamic entropy, but we are looking for something closer to the mathematical root, thinking in term of the attraction of numerical spaces, and what I like best of all are the transfinite numbers which from the entropic point of view carry us irresistibly toward the future, n being entropically infinitely more powerful than n − 1. Ludwig Boltzmann - Wikipedia, Transfinite numbers - Wikipedia

Frequency depends on how quickly things happen, ranging from picoseconds to gigayears. Things cannot happen until all the prerequisites are in place, ie all the steps in the computation are complete and the process halts [and the product goes out the factory door].

Saturday 30 November

In a quantum mechanical sort of way my mind is reversible until it is 'made up' and I act on my thought [ie create a 'particle']

I am a spark of God, a flash in the spirit of the world.

There is nothing so liberating as a false accusation insofar as it shows me that I am nothing like some people think I am and so cut free of that false history as I have been cut free of the false history of sin that the Catholic Church imposed on me.

Gradually working my way toward coupling the spiritual side of the divine universe to the electrification of society by renewable energy

[page 36]

a la Garnaut. Also Squires Betty Squires: Doctors Created Vibrators After Growing Tired of Masturbating "Hysterical' Women

We might claim that most of the disasters which we have brought upon ourselves over the millennia have been due to false ideology and I would be inclined to define [false] ideology as any belief that flies in the face of known fact. We can make a long list of such ideological disasters from the idea that some varieties of human beings are superior to others to the notion that we do not really die, that we can influence the evolution of nature by prayer and we do not need to take care of our planet because it is all in the hands of a benevolent God.

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Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Ahmed, Shahab, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic, Princeton University Press 2016 'What Is Islam? formulates a new conceptual language for analyzing Islam. It presents a new paradigm of how Muslims have historically understood divine revelation--one that enables us to understand how and why Muslims through history have embraced values such as exploration, ambiguity, aestheticization, polyvalence, and relativism, as well as practices such as figural art, music, and even wine drinking as Islamic. It also puts forward a new understanding of the historical constitution of Islamic law and its relationship to philosophical ethics and political theory.' 
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Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Harvest Books 1973 'Generally regarded as the definitive work on totalitarianism, this book is an essential component of any study of twentieth-century political movements. Arendt was one of the first to recognize that Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union were two sides of the same coin rather than opposing philosophies of Right and Left. With The Origins of Totalitarianism Hannah Arendt emerges as the most original and profound—therefore the most valuable—political theoretician of our times" (New Leader).' 
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Dalrymple, William, The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company, Bloomsbury 2019 'This book does not aim to provide a complete history of the East India Company, still less an economic analysis of its business operaions. Instead it is an attempt to answer the question of how a single business operation, based in one London office complex, managed to replace the mighty Mughal Empire between the years 1756 and 1803/' 
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Garnaut, Ross, Super-Power: Australia's Low Carbon Opportunity, Black Inc. 2019 ' The fog of Australian politics on climate change has obscured a fateful reality- Australia has the potential to be an economic superpower of the future post-carbon world.'-Ross Garnaut We have unparalleled renewable energy resources. We also have the necessary scientific skills. Australia could be the natural home for an increasing proportion of global industry. But how do we make this happen? In this crisp, compelling book, Australia's leading thinker about climate and energy policy offers a road map for progress, covering energy, transport, agriculture, the international scene and more. Rich in ideas and practical optimism, Superpower is a crucial, timely contribution to this country's future.' 
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Lewis, Clive S , The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition, Oxford UP 1979 Jacket: ' The Romance of the Rose, its ancestors and its descendants are here studied not as an obstacle to be surmounted on our way to Chaucer, but as a true expression of the ages which produced them. The allegorical form is found to be at once an imaginative bridge from mythical to reflective consciousness and a principal origin of Romanticism; . . . ' 'Humanity does not pass through phases as a train passes through stations: being alive, it has the privilege of always moving yet never leaving anything behind. Whatever we may have been, in some sort we still are. Neither the form nor the sentiment of this old poetry has passed away without leaving indelible traces on our minds.' 
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Popper, Karl Raimund, The Open Society and its Enemies (volume 1) : The Spell of Plato, Routledge 1966 Introduction: 'This book ...attempts to show that [our civilisation] has not yet fully recovered from the shock of its birth - the transition from tribal or 'closed society', with its submission to magical forces, to the 'open society' which sets free the critical powers of man. ... It further tries to examine the application of the critical and rational methods of science to the problems of the open society.'  
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Links

Betty Squires, Doctors Created Vibrators After Growing Tired of Masturbating "Hysterical' Women, ' The advent of at-home electricity made the personal vibrator a reality as upper- and middle-class women had been going to their doctors to get off for centuries. Finally, the Industrial Revolution gave women the power to come in the privacy of their own homes. "The first home appliance to be electrified was the sewing machine in 1889," writes Rachel Maines in her groundbreaking work, The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria," the Vibrator, and Women's Satisfaction. According to Maines, the electric vibrator was the fifth home electronic ever invented. It "preceded the electric vacuum cleaner by some nine years, the electric iron by ten, and the electric frying pan by more than a decade, possibly reflecting consumer priorities." back

Carl R. Nave, Georgia State University, Hyperphysics, 'HyperPhysics is an exploration environment for concepts in physics which employs concept maps and other linking strategies to facilitate smooth navigation. For the most part, it is laid out in small segments or "cards", true to its original development in HyperCard. The entire environment is interconnected with thousands of links, reminiscent of a neural network.' back

Daniel W Graham (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Heraclitus, 'A Greek philosopher of Ephesus (near modern Kuşadası, Turkey) who was active around 500 BCE, Heraclitus propounded a distinctive theory which he expressed in oracular language. He is best known for his doctrines that things are constantly changing (universal flux), that opposites coincide (unity of opposites), and that fire is the basic material of the world. The exact interpretation of these doctrines is controversial, as is the inference often drawn from this theory that in the world as Heraclitus conceives it contradictory propositions must be true.' back

David Von Drehe, Across China, the clocks are striking thirteen. The people of Hong Kong hear it, ' Xi faces the most significant challenge of his power-grabbing career. Having moved to reassert the Communist Party’s dominion over a rapidly modernizing nation, he now sees China’s most modern territory fighting back. The protests in Hong Kong — and even more important, the pro-democracy landslide — vindicate the tattered faith that progress and freedom go hand-in-hand. It is a faith that strikes directly at the dark heart of one-party tyranny.' back

Dimitri Gutas (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Ibn Sina [Avicenna], ' Abū-ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Sīnā [Avicenna] (ca. 970–1037) was the preeminent philosopher and physician of the Islamic world. In his work he combined the disparate strands of philosophical/scientific thinking in Greek late antiquity and early Islam into a rationally rigorous and self-consistent scientific system that encompassed and explained all reality, including the tenets of revealed religion and its theological and mystical elaborations. In its integral and comprehensive articulation of science and philosophy, it represents the culmination of the Hellenic tradition, defunct in Greek after the sixth century, reborn in Arabic in the 9th.' back

Donald Zeyl & Barbara Sattler (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Plato Timaeus, 'In the Timaeus Plato presents an elaborately wrought account of the formation of the universe and an explanation of its impressive order and beauty. The universe, he proposes, is the product of rational, purposive, and beneficent agency. It is the handiwork of a divine Craftsman (“Demiurge,” dêmiourgos, 28a6) who, imitating an unchanging and eternal model, imposes mathematical order on a preexistent chaos to generate the ordered universe (kosmos).' back

Enthalpy - Wikipedia, Enthalpy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedis, ' Enthalpy, a property of a thermodynamic system, is equal to the system's internal energy plus the product of its pressure and volume. In a system enclosed so as to prevent mass transfer, for processes at constant pressure, the heat absorbed or released equals the change in enthalpy. The unit of measurement for enthalpy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule.' back

Entropy - Wikipedia, Entropy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system. It is closely related to the number Ω of microscopic configurations (known as microstates) that are consistent with the macroscopic quantities that characterize the system (such as its volume, pressure and temperature). Under the assumption that each microstate is equally probable, the entropy S is the natural logarithm of the number of microstates, multiplied by the Boltzmann constant kB. Formally (assuming equiprobable microstates), S = k B ln ⁡ Ω . ' back

Fixed point (mathematics) - Wikipedia, Fixed point (mathematics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint) of a function is a point that is mapped to itself by the function. That is to say, x is a fixed point of the function f if and only if f(x) = x.' back

Gibbs free energy - Wikipedia, Gibbs free energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The Gibbs free energy is defined as:
G(p,T) = U + pV − TS
which is the same as: G(p,T) = H − TS where:
U is the internal energy (SI unit: joule)
p is pressure (SI unit: pascal)
V is volume (SI unit: m3)
T is the temperature (SI unit: kelvin)
S is the entropy (SI unit: joule per kelvin)
H is the enthalpy (SI unit: joule)' back

Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Nominalism in Metaphysics, ' Nominalism comes in at least two varieties. In one of them it is the rejection of abstract objects; in the other it is the rejection of universals. Philosophers have often found it necessary to postulate either abstract objects or universals. And so Nominalism in one form or another has played a significant role in the metaphysical debate since at least the Middle Ages, when versions of the second variety of Nominalism were introduced. The two varieties of Nominalism are independent from each other and either can be consistently held without the other. However, both varieties share some common motivations and arguments. This entry surveys nominalistic theories of both varieties.' back

Gwyn McClelland, I witnessed the trauma of Catholic atomic bomb survivors. This is why Pope Francis's visit to Japan is so important for them, ' It was a big day for Japan's Catholics — Pope Francis arrived in Nagasaki, the second Pope to ever visit Japan, after John Paul II in 1981. Nagasaki is famous for the 1945 atomic bombing during World War II, along with Hiroshima. It might surprise many to learn that Nagasaki has always been home to Japan's largest Catholic, or Hidden Christian community — all the way back to the late 1500s.' back

John Palmer (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Parmenides , First published Fri Feb 8, 2008 'Immediately after welcoming Parmenides to her abode, the goddess describes as follows the content of the revelation he is about to receive:
You must needs learn all things,/ both the unshaken heart of well-rounded reality/ and the notions of mortals, in which there is no genuine trustworthiness./ Nonetheless these things too will you learn, how what they resolved/ had actually to be, all through all pervading. (Fr. 1.28b-32) ' back

Ludwig Boltzmann - Wikipedia, Ludwig Boltzmann - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion). back

Massimo Faggioli, Adrift & Alone, ' The dominant impression left by the Baltimore meeting? That in spite of occasionally sincere, sometimes ritualistic, expressions of communion with Rome, the effort to neuter Pope Francis’s message in the United States continues. The American church is not only adrift, but also increasingly alone in the world.' back

Pew Research Center: Religion and Pubic Life, The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity, 'The world’s 1.6 billion Muslims are united in their belief in God and the Prophet Muhammad and are bound together by such religious practices as fasting during the holy month of Ramadan and almsgiving to assist people in need. But they have widely differing views about many other aspects of their faith, including how important religion is to their lives, who counts as a Muslim and what practices are acceptable in Islam, according to a worldwide survey by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. The survey, which involved more than 38,000 face-to-face interviews in over 80 languages, finds that in addition to the widespread conviction that there is only one God and that Muhammad is His Prophet, large percentages of Muslims around the world share other articles of faith, including belief in angels, heaven, hell and fate (or predestination).' back

Plato, Laws 12.942a, ' Military organization is the subject of much consultation and of many appropriate laws. The main principle is this—that nobody, male or female, should ever be left without control, nor should anyone, whether at work or in play, grow habituated in mind to acting alone and on his own initiative, . . . back

Plato - Wikipedia, Plato - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Plato (. . . Greek: . . . Plátōn, "broad" 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of natural philosophy, science, and Western philosophy. Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by what he saw as his teacher's unjust death.' back

Shahab Ahmed - Wikipedia, Shahab Ahmed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Shahab Ahmed (December 11, 1966 – September 17, 2015) was a Pakistani-American scholar of Islam at Harvard University. Professor Elias Muhanna of Brown University described Ahmed's posthumous work, What Is Islam?, as "a strange and brilliant work, encyclopedic in vision and tautly argued in the manner of logical proof, yet pervaded by the urgency of a political manifesto". . . . In a posthumous presentation about him, Shahab Ahmed's sister highlighted her brother's fondness and appreciation for good wine. In this regard, she noted that "he felt very much in good company with Jahangir, with Ghalib, and with other writers [...] he adored." ' back

Socratic method - Wikipedia, Socratic method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Socratic method, also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas.' back

Thomas L. Friedman, The World Shaking News That You're Missing, ' “For 40 years,” Paulson noted, “the U.S.-China relationship has been characterized by the integration of four things: goods, capital, technology and people. And over these 40 years, economic integration between the two countries was supposed to mitigate security competition. But an intellectually honest appraisal must now admit both that this hasn’t happened and that the reverse is taking place.” . . . The net result, argued Paulson, is that “after 40 years of integration, a surprising number of political and thought leaders on both sides advocate policies that could forcibly de-integrate the two countries across all four of these baskets.” And if that trend continues, “we need to consider the possibility that the integration of global innovation ecosystems will collapse as a result of mutual efforts by the United States and China to exclude one another.” . . . I still believe that the most open systems win — they get all the signals of change first, they attract the most high-I.Q. risk-takers/innovators and they enrich and are enriched by the most global flows of talent, ideas and capital. That used to be us.' back

Thomas Lecaque, The apocalyptic myth that helps explain evangelical support for Trump, ' “God’s used imperfect people all through history. King David wasn’t perfect. Saul wasn’t perfect. Solomon wasn’t perfect,” outgoing Energy Secretary Rick Parry said in an interview on “Fox & Friends” before going on to claim that he had given the president “a little one-pager on those Old Testament kings about a month ago. And I shared with him, I said, ‘Mr. President, I know there are people who say, you know, you are the chosen one,’ and I said, ‘You were.’ ” ' back

Transfinite numbers - Wikipedia, Transfinite numbers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Transfinite numbers are cardinal numbers or ordinal numbers that are larger than all finite numbers, yet not necessarily absolutely infinite. The term transfinite was coined by Georg Cantor, who wished to avoid some of the implications of the word infinite in connection with these objects, which were nevertheless not finite. Few contemporary workers share these qualms; it is now accepted usage to refer to transfinite cardinals and ordinals as "infinite". However, the term "transfinite" also remains in use.' back

Vacuum permittivity - Wikipedia, Vacuum permittivity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The physical constant εo (pronounced as "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), commonly called the vacuum permittivity, permittivity of free space or electric constant or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum, is an ideal, (baseline) physical constant, which is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum. . . . It is the capability of the vacuum to permit electric field lines. This constant relates the units for electric charge to mechanical quantities such as length and force.' back

Werner Heisenberg, Quantum-theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations, 'The present paper seeks to establish a basis for theoretical quantum mechanics founded exclusively upon relationships between quantities which in principle are observable.' back

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