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Notes

[Notebook: DB 57 Language]

[Sunday 24 April 2005 - Saturday 30 April 2005]

[page 118A]

Sunday 24 April 2005

We distinguish (Sprott) a logical set from a system. A set is simply a collection of items [ any collection into a whole M of definite and separate objects m  of our intuition or our thought. Cantor, 85], whereas in a system the items communicate with one another and cooperate toward some purpose ['set' contains 'system']. In biological system the fundamental purpose is maintenance of the system, that is continue to live, more succinctly, not die. Not dying is the lowest standard of living. Higher standards arise from more productive ways of structuring an operating the social system, ie better

[page 118B]

government. To govern is to control, and control depends upon the principle of requisite variety. F Heylighen and C Joslyn In order to have sufficient variety to control a human group, the government must either increase its own variety or repress the variety of their subjects. Often both strategies are used. In order to minimize repression, the variety of the government must be maximized. The maximum variety available to govern a population is the population itself, the ideal of democracy. At the other end of the scale is absolute monarchy, where the variety of the whole system is depressed to the variety of the monarch.

VARIETY = ENTROPY = INFORMATION.

Monday 25 April 2005

Diamond Collapse page 110: 'That the size of the statues has been increasing may reflect not only rival chiefs rival chiefs vying to outdo each other, but also more urgent appeals to ancestors necessitated by the growing environmental crisis. Diamond

The 'two year old' phase of development: very efficient at demanding input; not too god at acquiring it for oneself.

Tuesday 26 April 2005

The essence of the Christian good news us that our world was created by an almighty and benevolent power for our benefit. There has been

[page 119]

a hiccup, known in English speaking Christian tradition as the Fall. This turned out to be a happy fault, however, because god became human and walked among us and by allowing himself to be tortured to death by the Romans, put n place a correction to the Fall which will become manifest (apocalyptic) at the end of this world (as we know it). The story and the promise it hold of eternal; bliss and the conquest of death, has entrained billions of believers.

What is the good news in a scientific Theology? In a nutshell, it is that complexity makes stability possible. This needs some explication, which is the subject of the rest of this article.

1. The role of language (including mathematics)
2. Physics --> mathematics --> quantum mechanics
3. quantum mechanics -- > network
4. Network --> God (= whole)

The world of mathematics is the world of numbers, by which we mean discrete ordered symbols. This may be considered to be a world of messages, each possible message being represented by a certain ordered set of discrete symbols. Although there are many "s"'s in the previous sentence, each, because of the way it is embedded n the sentence (and the sentence in the world) is as distinct

[page 120]

symbol. The space of such symbols is known as the Cantor Universe, or more poetically, Cantor's paradise.

We start to construct the paradise with the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . n, . . . . Each of them is in the abstract a discrete symbol which may be represented concretely by some numeral, which may be something written like 1479 or a mob of sheep, or an arrangement of electrons in a computer.

Cantor made a clear connection between numbers and sets.

We are being practical model builders rather than mathematicians, and so we repeat Cantor's straightforward 'naive' description of sets to begin with and turn to the axiomatic approach, confident in the notion that these two formulations coincide almost everywhere.

Let us propose that religion underpins human cooperation where genetic forces leave off. In other words, it carries the structures found in sociobiology beyond the kin group to the wider tribe, city, nation, confederation of nations and so on. Given this assumption, we start building our religious castle in the air and then use ideas from physics and biology to give it a foundation on the earth.

Wednesday 27 April 2005

'Greenland was a hierarchical society, with great differences of wealth justified by the Church, and with disproportionate investment in Churches. Again we moderns have to wonder

[page 121]

if the Greenlanders would not have been better off had they imported fewer bronze bells and more iron with which to make tools, weapons to defend themselves against the Inuit, or good to trade with the Inuit in time of stress. But we ask our question with the gift of hindsight and without regard to the cultural heritage that led the Greenlanders to make their choices. Diamond, Collapse page 245.

The motivation to write (at least for long periods) is often hard to come by. Digging holes or working on the care seem more attractive, or any of all the other jobs for different people that are waiting to be done. But writing is a construction job too, and like all construction jobs, we are trying to make an efficient (and possibly beautiful) product. All the steps toward such a product are error prone, so that efficient production requires adequate error correcting mechanisms to achieve the desired product. We encounter a similar situation in quantum computing (Knill) where we find that increasing numbers of error per gate requires an increasing amount of error correcting overhead in the form of extra gates.

The network theory gives s a way to construct a general 'error model' that applies to societies in their environment as well as to computers, quantum and conventional.

As the overhead goes up, so, with given resources, only smaller problems can be tackled. In social error models much emphasis may be placed on corruption, the leaking of value from acceptable (legal) channels.

[page 122]

A viable society (computer) is partitioned from the non-viable by a threshold theorem: 'if the EPG is smaller than a threshold, then scalable computing is possible.

We cannot say if the Universe is open or closed, and, in principle, we cannot find out because we cannot look outside. This is because the Universe is not a set.

CLOSURE: (Kreyszig) 'A subset M of a metric space X is said to be open if it contains a ball about each of its points. A subset K of X is said to be closed if its complement (in X) is open, that is KC = X - K is open.'

OPEN SYSTEM = element of a network. Insofar as the Universe (by definition) communicates with nothing outside itself (because there is nothing outside itself) it can be said to be a CLOSED SYSTEM. A dynamic understanding of Cantor's theorem, however, might lead to the proposition that every closed system, by mapping onto (communicating with) itself can behave like an open system and grow in an unbounded way.

Thursday 28 April 2005

Lost it again. I stand in the midst of a flowing noetic landscape populated with fragments of order, connections which I try to capture in words. But I have to be quick. It flits past, I see it briefly, but there are visitors, and by the time they have gone I have forgotten. Things seem to come back, however, and sometimes they can be tracked down (like dreams) by writing out impressions, like this, and trying to see connections: The discussion was about the levelling of class, moving from a spectrum between monarchs and slaves to a situation where we are all peers on the human network.

Christianity used to explain life for me and show how everything fitted into its place, but now I can see it is fundamentally a load of bullshit, but it succeeds because it unites people in a common (if fictitious) communication protocol, ie a set of unquestioned invariants through which all

[page 124]

communications flow. In a digital system, such a protocol would be the range of voltages/currents/whatevers that meant yes (1) and the range that meant 0 (no).

My ideal would be a global set of protocols which are not fictitious in the sense that even though they are fictitious, they fit reality much more closely than the Christian protocol, which is centrist rather than distributed.

Do these words mane any sense to you?

The network model. Each node is an onion whose inmost core is the physical link, expanding out through layers to the user level. [or vice versa, the outermost level the the physical link and the user nestles at the core.

FREE == USER (CLIENT)
BOUND == SLAVE (HOST)

PEER = EQUALITY (neither user nor slave

peer = equivalent (CARDINAL, CANTOR)

The set of peers is the permutation group of all ordered sets of the cardinal number peer(n) The law of requisite variety say that deterministic communication is possible within a peer cardinal, but that most communications are indeterminate (?).

Electrons are peers. What is their cardinal number? Ordinal numbers spin up, spin down (in whatever basis)

[page 125]

Friday 29 April 2005

The Xian model, by making the Universe created makes it also finite, this separating it form the infinite God. Quantum mechanics gives us a model for the interaction of a deterministic continuum {'wave equation'] with a random quantized output.

Saturday 30 April 2005

Both sides are somewhat to blame in the theology/science saga. On the one hand we have the conservatism (momentum) of huge and ancient institutions like the Roman Catholic Church. On the other hand we have the revolutionaries who started up outside the institutions and eventually became institutionalized themselves, in institutionalized opposition to their historical parents. Here in institutionalized opposition, we have a potential tragedy in human affairs whose most blatant manifestation is war, but which exists at all scales in human society where options are arbitrarily fixed. Tension is released by motion, so we should expect more fluid systems to be less tense than more solid. So the Roman Catholic Church rejects a scientific foundation (ancilla to the Biblical/Patristic foundation is as far as we'll take it) and the academic views ranging from 'opium of the people' to 'obsolete anachronism' give no welcome to theology.

Scientific progress is constrained by models and data. Where we have no model we cannot go, ie imagination is the front line of science. From imagined models we can devise methods for testing. Of course, imagination

[page 126]

is not constrained to science. It is the core of the cybernetic model of survival, look, process (ie think, imagine, calculate), act. If you succeed good, if not try again with new models or more precise execution of the old model.

Mind control.

Let us propose that some transfinite peer group in the transfinite network is of the same power as human mind space. That is, insofar as human mindspace is represented by discrete symbols (messages) there is sufficient variety in the chose peer group to establish a cone-to-one correspondence between elements of real mindspace and elements of the model. The nodes in mindspace are human minds. We take a mind to be the total experience of a human individual. Each mind is embedded in a deep network extending to the physical layer (hardware) and individual minds are able to communicate through the physical layer by communicating through the various organs of information transmission and reception ranging from reproductive signals to music and metaphysics.

Let uncontrolled mindspace be a mindspace where every possible mental state is allowed. Such a situation can exist in reality as long as the mindspace in question (one or more individuals) can maintain physical integrity. In other words does the fact of communication constitute a system comprising a set of peers without regard to the 'meaning' of the communication. Can we gain insight into this question via quantum mechanics

[page 127]

and quantum field theory. Transfinite network provides a route to giving clear meaning to the terms subjective and objective. More subjective = more concrete and more specific. More objective more abstract and general.

Insofar as the task of religion is to integrate a community of people, it must be able to control the behaviour of elements of the community to avoid divisive behaviour and promote integrating behaviour. In a network, the basic divisive behaviour to either not to communicate or to communicate error, ie do something that a trustworthy node would not do.

Tragedy of the commons - overcome by control. Diamond page 429. Diamond

Maximum control is optimal bandwidth sharing between individuals.

'All information is represented physically' puts physical limitation on the bandwidth available for sharing and so makes sharing necessary to maximize complexity.

Newton: Absolute 4D [3+1 D] space
Einstein special relativity: 4D with delay
Einstein general: 4D space with delay and energy-momentum conservation
quantum: normed infinite dimensional - -> normed transfinite dimensional.

[page 128]

transfinite network: unbounded with ℵ0 bandwidth.

For stability, ruling class must live the same life as everybody else (or in fact be 'everybody else'

RELIGIONS; down on sensuality. Not does. Or a mixtures, not-does for us, does for them, since they must suffer to keep us in our world of pleasure.

A modern religion must undertake a serious study both of ideal states and of routes to get to them, and also of the failure modes of such states. This means in a way finding the least complex basis for the elements of a complex society.

BANDWIDTH

Different layers of a transfinite network may use different embodiments in the chain to the physical layer.

'Performance anxiety' is related to the perceived probability of error (what are my chances of getting killed, embarrassed, if I try this?). As we become more familiar with actions through repetition our anxiety decreases as we become more certain of success.

Anxiety, tension, peace etc are all points on a scale of error probability, damage caused, etc. We like to stay down near the zero end of the spectrum, the end where all goes well. Small accidents like burning the soup or losing your glasses prompt more care, when dealing with our environment, while doing minimum harm, and serve

[page 129]

as paradigms for worse things which could happen like a fatal fire in the kitchen (a possibility which should as far as possible by excluded by design, so as to make fatal human error less probable.

Probability arises because a countable set does not have the bandwidth to fully represent an a countable set. The countable set can only provide snapshots, which are analogous to the symbols in a message.

Quantum mechanics is notorious for its counterintuitivity (at least to those who encounter it in later life). We cannot imagine it in three dimensional space, even with the help of Brandt, in the way that we can see and feel the motions of Newton's planets. But we can make it intuitive if we see it not as the three dimensional space, but as a network analogous to all the other networks we experience in life. Brandt

The ability to visualize a system gives us the power to play with it. A set i easily visualized, since it is a distinct object that can be put into correspondence with other objects. So this pen is an easily grasped example of a set. Set theory also enables is to visualize a communication network of sets swapping elements with one another. This is analogous to a group of people swapping images and ideas (that is states) with one another. Any state can be represented by some transfinite ordinal number.

[page 130]

We can easily imagine the interaction of the cosmic community of atoms by exchanging photons between one another

We can imagine the world of quantum mechanics as a network communicating by the exchange of particles. The exchange particles are in principle observable even though the changes of state within the sources and sinks are not, and must be deduced from the exchanged particles. We must imagine each of these exchanged particles as a message, physically realized.

We proceed by analogy with technological communication networks to recognize a layered structure in each node of the network which runs from the physical layer at the bottom to the user layer at the top. Tanenbaum.

We have identified four distinct network protocols in the physical layer of the Universe, gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak, each involving the exchange of different sets of particles.

Now the deepest mystery of quantum mechanics after the uncertainty principle is the so called '

collapse of the wavefunction'. Before a hydrogen atom radiates, we model its internal state as a weighed superposition of some infinity of 'basis states'. From this infinity it chooses two, and radiates a photon corresponding to the difference in their energies. The atom has a spectrum of transitions that occur with different probabilities under different conditions (preparations).

[page 131]

Let us anthropomorphize the situation and consider me sitting here writing this. My mind is a superposition of an infinity of states, some of which in some way correspond to what I am writing here. You cannot observe the state of my mind (any more than you can observe the internal state of an atom ) but you can observe (read) this writing and by processing t through the states of your mind that correspond to our common language, acquire a mental state that corresponds to my mental state.

Historically, quantum mechanics has given special attention to the observer with physicists in mind. But on the ground that we occupy no special place in this Universe we can see our observations of the world as subset of all the observations of elements of the world with one another, each observation being the process of communicating a message.

The network model of quantum mechanics also explains the strange interpretation of the calculations of quantum mechanics discovered by Max Born |phi| 2 = probability of event.

This paper Can theology be a science is a PhD thesis for me, in other words (I hope) it gains me entry into the academic world so that these ideas may be supported and grow.

As in those sweatshops where the employees are forbidden to talk to one another, the designers of quantum computers wish to prevent the physical implementations of their qubits having unauthorized conversation with the environment.

[page 132]

MOSSBAUER

As the environment changes, systems get taken into spaces beyond their dynamic range and so potentially dangerous random elements enter which may create events beyond the system's error correcting or response range and it dies.

'As a result of such experiences . . . ' (?)

 

Related sites

Concordat Watch

Revealing Vatican attempts to propagate its religion by international treaty


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Further reading

Books

Brandt, Siegmund, and Hans Dieter Dahmen, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics, Springer-Verlag 1995 Jacket: 'This book is an introduction to the basic concepts and phenomena of quantum mechanics. Computer-generated illustrations are used extensively throughout the text, helping to establish the relation between quantum mechanics on one side and classical physics . . . on the other side. Even more by studying the pictures in parallel with the text, readers develop an intuition for notoriously abstract quantum phenomena . . .' 
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Cantor, Georg, Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers (Translated, with Introduction and Notes by Philip E B Jourdain), Dover 1895, 1897, 1955 Jacket: 'One of the greatest mathematical classics of all time, this work established a new field of mathematics which was to be of incalculable importance in topology, number theory, analysis, theory of functions, etc, as well as the entire field of modern logic.' 
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Dalrymple, William, From the Holy Mountain: A Journey in the Shadow of Byzantium, Flamingo" Harper Collins 1997 Amazon reader review: 'From the Holy Mountain deserves to be put along side such other classics of the genre as the Road to Oxiana and a Time of Gifts. It is erudite, witty, scholarly & compassionate in its treatment of the subject of Christian Minorities in the Middle East. This book means so much to me as I travelled in the very same areas covered at approximately the same time the research for the book was undertaken. I can confirm the total accuracy of the authors assessments. The book both confirmed and provided illumination as to what I had seen with my own eyes and heard from the communities depicted. This remarkably accomplished work deserves to be read by everyone with an interest in the Middle East.' Anthony 
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Diamond, Jared, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Viking Adult 2004 'As suggested by its title, this book is about societal collapses - past, present and future - and the factors that cause human societies to fail. ... [Diamond's] primary mission is to determine the ecological, political and cultural conditions that lead to collapse and to contrast these with the conditions that favour success. ... Collapse is based on a series of detailed case studies. ... Diamond then provides a fuller exploration of the many rich parallels between these historic cases and select modern societies. ... What emerges most clearly from [his] analysis is the central role played by environmetnal decay in undermining human societies. ... In the end, [his] painstaking toil in the deep mines of history rewards him with sufficient nuggets of hope that he emerges 'cautiously optimistic' about the human prospect. ... The most important lesson to be drawn from Collapse is that resilient societies are nimble ones, capable of long term planning and of abandoning deeply entrenched but ultimately destructive core values and beliefs. This, in turn, requires a well informed public, inspired leadership and the political will to go against the established order of things. ... ' William Rees, Nature 433:15, 6 January 2005.  
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Grossman, David, Writing in the Dark: Essays on Literature and Politics, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2008 From Publishers Weekly 'Peace activist and vocal advocate for relinquishing the Territories and ending the Occupation, Israeli novelist Grossman is unafraid of controversy; these six essays, however, address these concerns more obliquely, through the lens of literature. Books That Have Read Me merges the young reader's discovery that books are the place in the world where both the thing and the loss of it can be contained with the older writer's urge to describe contemporary political reality in a language that is not the public, general, nationalized idiom. Grossman's passions are two—an Israel at peace with its neighbors and a citizenry restored to dignity through the individual language of literature, which can bring us together with the fate of those who are distant and foreign. Grossman lays claim to an acquired naïveté in his hopefulness; how welcome and enlightening it is.' Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 
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Kreyszig, Erwin, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley and Sons 1989 Amazon: 'Kreyszig's "Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications", provides a great introduction to topics in real and functional analysis. This book is part of the Wiley Classics Library and is extremely well written, with plenty of examples to illustrate important concepts. It can provide you with a solid base in these subjects, before one takes on the likes of Rudin and Royden. I had purchased a copy of this book, when I was taking a graduate course on real analysis and can only strongly recommend it to anyone else.' Krishnan S. Kartik  
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Sprott, Walter John Herbert, Human Groups, Penguin books 1970 Jacket: This book deals with 'face-to-face relationships. These occur in relatively permanent groups, such as the family, the village ad the neighbourhood. Some of the studies which have been made of such groups are described. There has alsobeen agreat deal of experimental work done on the way in which eople behave in artificial groups set up in the psychological laboratory, and a general review is given of such work and of the principal findings in the study of 'group dynamics'. An account is also given of groups of a more temporary nature, such as crowds, prison communities and brain-washing meetings. These studies are relevant to the meaning of the expression 'Man is a social animal'. The author shows that man derives his specifically human nature from his social relationships, and discusses the present-day problem of satisfying social needs in a world of impersonal contacts. The dangers of over-socialization are also pointed out.' 
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Tanenbaum, Andrew S, Computer Networks, Prentice Hall International 1996 Preface: 'The key to designing a computer network was first enunciated by Julius Caesar: Divide and Conquer. The idea is to design a network as a sequence of layers, or abstract machines, each one based upon the previous one. . . . This book uses a model in which networks are divided into seven layers. The structure of the book follows the structure of the model to a considerable extent.'  
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Taylor, Marjorie, Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create them, Oxford University Press 1999 'Very well written, very scholarly; Dr. Taylor lovingly describes this fantastic aspect of children's lives; full of lively examples and in depth analysis; we strongly recommend this book to anyone interested in imagination.' A Reader, Amazon.com 
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Papers

Knill, E, "Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices", Nature, 434, 7029, 3 March 2005, page 39-44. 'In theory, quantum computers offer a means of solving problems that would be intractable on conventional computers. Assuming that a quantum computer could be constructed, it would in practice be required to function with noisy devices called 'gates'. These gates cause decoherence of the fragile quantum states that are central to the computer's operation. The goal of so-called 'fault tolerant quantum computing' is therefore to compure accurately, even when the error probability per gate (EPG) is high. Here we report a simple architecture for failt-tolerant computing, providing evidence that accurate quantum computing is possible for EPGs as high as three per cent. Such EPGs have been experimentally demonstrated, but to avoid excessive resource overheads required by the necessary architecture, lower EPGs are needed. Assuming the availability of quantum resources comparable to the digital resources available in today's computers, we show that non-trivial quantum computations at EPGs of as high as one percent could be implemented.' . back

Links

Aquinas 30, Summa I, 5, 6: Is goodness divided into the virtuous [honestum] the useful [utile] and the pleasant [delectabile]?, 'I answer that, This division properly concerns human goodness. But if we consider the nature of goodness from a higher and more universal point of view, we shall find that this division properly concerns goodness as such. For everything is good so far as it is desirable, and is a term of the movement of the appetite; the term of whose movement can be seen from a consideration of the movement of a natural body. Now the movement of a natural body is terminated by the end absolutely; and relatively by the means through which it comes to the end, where the movement ceases; so a thing is called a term of movement, so far as it terminates any part of that movement. Now the ultimate term of movement can be taken in two ways, either as the thing itself towards which it tends, e.g. a place or form; or a state of rest in that thing. Thus, in the movement of the appetite, the thing desired that terminates the movement of the appetite relatively, as a means by which something tends towards another, is called the useful; but that sought after as the last thing absolutely terminating the movement of the appetite, as a thing towards which for its own sake the appetite tends, is called the virtuous; for the virtuous is that which is desired for its own sake; but that which terminates the movement of the appetite in the form of rest in the thing desired, is called the pleasant.' back

Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin - Wikipedia, Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin took place on November 4, 1995 (12th of Marcheshvan, 5756 on the Hebrew Calendar) at 21:30, at the end of a rally in support of the Oslo Accords at the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv. The assassin, Yigal Amir, a far-right-wing religious Zionist strenuously opposed Rabin's peace initiative and particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords.' back

Athanasius of Alexandria, Vita S. Antoni, '[Text here is from Athanasius: Select Works and Letters, Volume IV of NICENE AND POST-NICENE FATHERS, Series II, Philip Schaff and Henry Wace, editors. The pagination of this edition has been preserved here for citation purposes.] ' back

Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, National Pain Strategy, 'The intended audiences for the National Pain Strategy are state and federal governments, funders, clinicians, consumers, researchers and research funders. The recommendations contained in this Strategy have been developed through an independent process, including discussion at the National Pain Summit in March 2010. The process included health professionals, consumers, funders and industry. It was led by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian Pain Society, and Chronic Pain Australia in collaboration with inaugural supporters, the MBF Foundation and the University of Sydney Pain Management Research Institute.' back

Barbara Ellen, Cold sexual contempt rives too many men, 'Sex cases seem never far from the news. But, in part because I’m trying to avoid landing in hot water – thank you dear lawyers – I don’t intend to write about any court cases at all. Instead, if you’ll indulge me, my concern is more about sex in society, more about casual sex, sexual manners, inebriation and sobriety. It’s also about people who, for whatever reason, give themselves “permission” to treat a sexual partner differently, less respectfully, more degradingly, than they might treat another. And how the people who do this might be genuinely bewildered at being criticised – holding a sincere belief that they’ve done absolutely nothing wrong because, playing by their rules, they feel as if they haven’t. back

CERN, Large Hadron Collider, 'The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN’s accelerator complex. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way.' back

Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I - Wikipedia, Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign as co-emperor in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated Constantine's ban on pagan sacrifice, prohibited haruspicy on pain of death, pioneered the criminalization of magistrates who did not enforce anti-pagan laws, broke up some pagan associations and destroyed pagan temples. . . . In 392 he became emperor of the whole empire (the last one to be so). From this moment until the end of his reign in 395, while pagans remained outspoken in their demands for toleration,[4][5] he authorized or participated in the destruction of many temples, holy sites, images and objects of piety throughout the empire[6][7][8][page needed][9][page needed][10] in actions by Christians against major pagan sites.' back

Cistercian Publication (translator Sister Benedicta Ward), Selections from the Sayings of the Desert Fathers, 'Anthony the Great, called 'The Father of Monks' was born in central Egypt about AD the son of peasant farmers who were Christian. In c. 269 he heard the Gospel read in church and applied to himself the words. 'Go, sell all that you have and give to the poor and come . . .’ He devoted himself to a life of asceticism under the guidance of a recluse near his village.' back

Confession (religion) - Wikipedia, Confession (religion) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Confession, in many religions, is the acknowledgment of one's sins (sinfulness) or wrongs.' back

David Conn, Hillsborough disaster: deadly mistkes and lies that lsted decades, 'As the longest inquest in British legal history unfolded, a picture emerged of a callously negligent police force led by an inexperienced commander whose actions directly led to the deaths of 96 people. It was a year into these inquests, and 26 years since David Duckenfield, as a South Yorkshire police chief superintendent, took command of the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest, that he finally, devastatingly, admitted his serious failures directly caused the deaths of 96 people there.' back

Entropy - Wikipedia, Entropy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system. It is closely related to the number Ω of microscopic configurations (known as microstates) that are consistent with the macroscopic quantities that characterize the system (such as its volume, pressure and temperature). Under the assumption that each microstate is equally probable, the entropy S is the natural logarithm of the number of microstates, multiplied by the Boltzmann constant kB. Formally (assuming equiprobable microstates), S = k B ln ⁡ Ω . ' back

F Heylighen and C Joslyn, The Law of Requisite Variety , 'Control or regulation is most fundamentally formulated as a reduction of variety: perturbations with high variety affect the system's internal state, which should be kept as close as possible to the goal state, and therfore exhibit a low variety. So in a sense control prevents the transmittion of variety from environment to system. Thjis is the opposite of information transmission, where the purpose is to manimally conserve vareity.' back

Graeco-Roman Museum - Wikipedia, Graeco-Roman Museum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Graeco-Roman Museum of Alexandria in Egypt was created in 1892. It was first built in an five-room apartment, inside one small building in Rosetta Street (later Avenue Canope and now Horriya). In 1895, it was transferred to another, larger building near Gamal Abdul Nasser Street. The museum contains several pieces from the 3rd century BC, such as a sculpture of Apis in black granite, the sacred bull of the Egyptians, mummies, sarcophagus, tapestries, and other objects offering a view of Greco-Roman civilization in contact with Egypt.' back

Heather Phillips, The Great Library of Alexandria?, 'Ancient Alexandria – a city founded by Alexander the Great as a showplace “metropolis linking Greece and Egypt” – was a city in which wonders abounded. The city featured wide boulevards laid out in a grid, and buildings constructed of granite and marble. Some say that Alexander himself had a hand in planning this great city. One of the most notable wonders of the city was the Great Library of Alexandria (hereinafter Great Library or Library), an institution which has assumed legendary proportions in the mythos of western civilization.' back

Heather Saul, Sheena Shirani: What its really like to be a female TV anchor in Iran, 'Up until three months ago, Sheena Shirani was a prominent journalist living in Iran, where she worked as a newscaster at the state-funded, English-speaking Press TV news network. . . . In her role as an anchor, Ms Shirani found herself exposed to criticism from a society where a woman’s position is expected to be one focused on submission, domesticity and servitude to the family. She was also a divorced single mother in a country where oppressive laws ensure women remain firmly under the control of the men in their family. For women, studying and even leaving the country can require the permission of their spouse.' back

Hypatia - Wikipedia, Hypatia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Hypatia (Greek: Ὑπατίᾱ Hupatíā; born c. 350–70; died 415),often called Hypatia of Alexandria (Ancient Greek: Ὑπατίᾱ η Αλεξανδρινή), was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in Egypt, then a part of the Byzantine Empire. She was the head of the Neoplatonic school at Alexandria, where she taught philosophy and astronomy. According to contemporary sources, Hypatia was murdered by a Christian mob or by Christian zealots known as Parabalani after being accused of exacerbating a conflict between two prominent figures in Alexandria, the governor, Orestes, and the bishop, Cyril of Alexandria.' back

Jared Owens, Teen boy chrged over Anzac Day terror plot, '“It is of great and ongoing concern that people so young remain susceptible to extremist ideologies and are willing to carry out criminal acts that attract significant penalties,” Mr Keenan, who assists Malcolm Turnbull on terrorism issues, said. “Families, friends and communities play a vital role in helping authorities prevent someone who may be showing signs of radicalisation from doing themselves or others harm.” ' back

Jonathan Stevenson, Trump's Foreighn 'Policy', 'Might Trump’s handpicked national-security officials not form a countervailing cabal that could outweigh career diplomatic, defense, and intelligence officials? That is essentially what happened in George W. Bush’s administration after 9/11, when Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld steamrollered both the State Department and CIA analysts in marching the United States into Iraq on the pretext of Saddam Hussein’s illusory weapons of mass destruction. In turn, cynical White House lawyers certified forms of “enhanced interrogation” that even a conservative Supreme Court would have found unconstitutional.' back

Masha Bell, Difficulties in learning to read and write English, 'The English spelling system is very different from other alphabetic writing systems. It is more complex, because many of its 44 sounds are spelt differently in different positions of words, such as ‘out – now’ or ‘ship – station’. It is also much more irregular. It uses 205 spellings for its 44 sounds, and many of them are unpredictable and have to be memorised word by word, like those for long /oo/ in ‘blue, shoe, too’ and ‘flew through’. Such unpredictable inconsistencies make learning to write English very time-consuming and much slower than in other languages with comparable writing systems.' back

Mat Drange, The Kentucky gun owner who developed his own count of gun violence in the US, 'More than 13,000 people were shot and killed last year alone, with twice as many injured, according to the Gun Violence Archive, the not-for-profit group Bryant founded. Since 2014, Bryant’s team has recorded more than 100,000 incidents, including those where a gun is used in public and no one is hurt. Instances of “defensive gun use” – ie a good guy with a gun who made a difference – accounted for less than 3%.' back

Matthew 28: 18-20, 'All power is given to me [Jesus] . . . , '18 Then Jesus came to them and said, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. 19 Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age.” ' back

Michael Slezak, Al Gore attacks CSIRO's climate cuts and praises Labour's proposals, 'Al Gore has said the decision by Australia’s science agency CSIRO to cut climate research should be “re-evaluated at the highest level”, since they limit a source of critical information for the entire world as it attempts to solve the challenges posed by climate change. . . . The comments by Gore, a leading climate change campaigner, were made in a wide-ranging conversation in the latest edition of the Australian literary quarterly the Griffith Review, which has also been published online by Guardian Australia.' back

New York Times Editorial Board, Georgetown and the Sin of Slavery, 'Many people may be startled to learn that the Jesuits were among the largest slaveholders in the nation. But as the historian Craig Steven Wilder notes in the forthcoming book “Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development,” the Catholic Church was fully involved with slavery in the colonial period. Professor Wilder writes that income from slave plantations gave Catholics the resources to resist colonial-era persecution, allowed the church to survive through the American Revolution and underwrote the church’s expansion.' back

Nicole Hasham, Michael Gordon, Papua New Guinea coury finds Australia's detentio of asylum seekers on Manus Island is ilegal, 'Immigration Minister Peter Dutton says about 900 men being held at the Manus Island detention centre will not be brought to Australia after Papua New Guinea's Supreme Court ruled their detention was illegal. . . . The court ruled the detention breached the constitutional right of asylum seekers to personal liberty. It ordered the Australian and PNG governments to immediately cease the "unconstitutional and illegal detention of asylum seekers" at Manus Island, and stop the breach of their human rights.' back

Oxyrhyncus papyri - Wikipedia, Oxyrhyncus papyri - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a group of manuscripts discovered during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by archaeologists including Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt at an ancient rubbish dump near Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (28°32′N 30°40′E, modern el-Bahnasa).' back

Pope John Paull II, Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of Baptism 1213, '1213 Holy Baptism is the basis of the whole Christian life, the gateway to life in the Spirit (vitae spiritualis ianua), and the door which gives access to the other sacraments. Through Baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of God; we become members of Christ, are incorporated into the Church and made sharers in her mission: "Baptism is the sacrament of regeneration through water in the word." back

Ryan Devereaux, Cora Currier, Pentagon denies war crimes allegations in Kunduz hospital killings, 'Nearly seven months after the first shots were fired, the Pentagon has released its full report detailing the night of chaos and horror that left 42 patients and staffers dead at a Doctors Without Borders hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan. In publishing the highly anticipated account, the military concluded that its attack did not amount to a war crime because its effects were not intentional, a view at odds with certain interpretations of international law.' back

Shuki Sadeh, The belated battle to revive the dying Dead Sea, 'Forty years of wandering from bad decisions to neglect have done terrible damage to the lowest place on earth.' back

Toledot Yeshu - Wikipedia, Toledot Yeshu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, back

Uncertainty principle - Wikipedia, Uncertainty principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.' back

Waleed Aly, The monstrous failure of our asylum seeker policy, 'The design flaws of our policy are slowly being exposed. Labor can try to revel if it likes, but let's be abundantly clear: it's revelling in its own failure.' back

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