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Notes

[Notebook: DB 58 Bringing god home]

[Sunday 28 May 2006 - Saturday 3 June 2006]

[page 148]

Sunday 28 May 2006

Network model of the world is concerned with the flow of information (entropy) as well as the flow of energy, momentum and action which are the subjects of physics. This may be the fundamental insight of natural theology.

SPACE => SPACETIME
ENTROPY => BANDWIDTH

Metaphysics: knowledge beyond experience: is all contained in the consistent formalisms that we apply to the understanding of our experience.

As part of the technology of survival and fitness, one continually takes inventory of one's economic and social assets and acts to protect and enlarge them where necessary and/or possible.

Much of the battle for survival is to express oneself in a form thought valuable by others, who therefore reward one for the expression, another way of saying 'to work for an income'.

[page 147]

Cercignani page 187: 'Boltzmann if of the opinion that the task of theory consists in constructing a picture of the external world that exists purely internally and must be our "guiding star" in all thought and experiment.' Cercignani

Boltzmann 'The immediate elaboration and constant perfection of this picture is then the chief test of theory. Imagination is always its cradle, and abstract understanding its tutor.'

IMAGINATION = PERMUTATION + SELECTION

Boltzmann page 188: ' . . . theory is the most practical thing conceivable . . . '

'Hegel is said to have regretted that nature was unable to realize his philosophical system in its full perfection.'

The practical output of theology is a set of models for human behaviour designed to achieve certain ends ranging from conquest to cooperation. These models form the backbone of religious practices in education and social engineering. History provides us with myriad instances of societies governed by different ruling ideas, and we can search for relationships between historical outcomes and the design of society. Diamond

. . .

At the heart of creativity is the exponential gain in power available when we exploit the permutations of alphabets of entities.

ENTITY = PARTICLE independent, observable.

We've constructed a gigantic monkey bar, now to play in it. By play we mean move from state to state.

[page 150]

The Universe is a string (in the computer sense) of strings.

By definition, a local entity has just one clock.

When permuting the notes of a piano, the next notes in a sequence is constrained by injunctions such as 'stay in the same key', and perhaps the classical rules of harmony, which may be followed or ignored depending on the requirements of the overall piece.

Permutations not combinations, because each note struck on a particular piano has an individual (piano #, time) address, so it is part of an infinite sequence whose possibilities are xh, where x is the number of note son the piano and h is the number of notes struck so far.

. . .

Global resistance to local aggression.

Sorry to have abandoned you, but self preservation seemed more important at the time - coupling constant.

Cantor sought to prove the continuum hypothesis by constructing a giant discrete space, which allowed an 'artificial definition' of continuity: that is continuous which is so finely divided that we cannot see its particles. Continuity becomes relative. Aleph(1 is continuous relative to ℵ0 but discrete relative to ℵ2.

Transfinite cardinal arithmetic has wonderful vagueness compared to the normal finite kind of arithmetic done by calculators.

[151]

2aleph(n) = aleph(n)aleph(n) = aleph(n+1)

POVERTY - INVESTMENT - COURAGE

Macquarie Dictionary: Courage n. 1. the quality of mind that enables one to encounter difficulties and danger with firmness or without fear, bravery.

Brave adj. 1. possessing or exhibiting courage or courageous endurance.

There must be a 'balance of courage' between organization and the organized individuals, so that every section is equally loaded in just proportion to the overall load.

0! = 1
1! = 1
2! = 2
3 1= 6 - things begin to grow here and Cantor's theorem cuts in

This takes longer than the power set approach to exponential growth; in which P(x) > x at all times

p(0) = 1
P(1) = 2
P(2 = 4

Does this formal fact, so simple, mean anything?

PLATO FORM = STATE = ORDERED SET

DETERMINISTIC Determined by initial conditions
NON-DETERMINISTIC : May access any state.

Are we thee yet? The period from How Universal? to now seems impossibly long. I feel that I have been travelling at great speed, but have got almost nowhere.

[page 152]

So rewrite How Universal to get 'closure'.

Monday 29 May 2006

Dennet: Breaking the Spell: Religion as a natural Phenomenon. Dennett

Dennett page xiii: 'America is strikingly different from other First World nations in its attitude to religion, . . . . '

page 9: 'Legal protection, honour, prestige and a traditional exemption from certain sorts of analysis and criticism - a great deal hinged on how we define religion.'

Definition of religion: '. . . social systems whose participants avow belief in a supernatural agent of agents whose approval is to be sought. . . . a religion without God or gods is like a vertebrate without a backbone.

Does fighting injustice with violence work, Batman?

Wherever we stand in the transfinite network, we see the same thing, ie it is scale invariant. card(node) > card(link).

CANVAS is the Cantor Universe painted with a superposition of images which model this very life in the midst of which I am now. The Cantor Universe is big enough to model every event in the Universe. One to one correspondence : Cantor Universe to Quantum Mechanics,particle physics, relativity. My aim is to make a model so simple and intuitive that even I can understand it and use it to reach useful results on human stability.

Nature Morrison: Failure and how to avoid it. Morrison

Dennett page 3: 'If "survival of the fittest" has any validity as a slogan, then the Bible seems a fair candidate for the accolade of the fittest of texts'. Hugh Pyper, The Selfish Text: The Bible and Memetics. in Exum pp 70=90

[page 153]

Jesus preached the law of gravitation, attract one another, love one another.

Evolution is driven by accountability, every word we speak established some bond with the environment of the speaker. Bshary and Grutter

Gravitation sees energy.Quantum mechanics sees entropy [?}

Gravity is brought into focus by other forces, like the structural forces preventing my free fall.

All experience is divine [a mantra?]

Tuesday 30 May 2006

Dennett page 30: Stephen Jay Gould: science and religion are two "non-overlapping magisteria".

What is holding me back? What has held me back for 40 years? The momentum of the old religion? Something in my unconscious that feels that I am not yet ready to say my piece? Cowardice? Laziness? Whatever, just keep going at maximum pace.

The question with action is are you getting somewhere or just spinning your wheels? More quantitatively, are we maximizing the benefit/cost of our action? My principal problem seems to be finding coworkers in this task. This has always come down to packaging my ideas in a way sufficiently succinct and compelling to be published in a peer reviewed journal such as Nature or closer to the hub of the religion problem (ie USA) in Science.

. . .

[page 154]

The evolution of life became possible when mappings were discovered from genes to life (ribosomes) and life to genes (natural selection).

Time for a change Pace

. . .

Formalism is kinematic machine. Reality is dynamic. A Turing machine is formal and its motion formal. A real computer is both dynamic and formal, the clock pulses initiating each dynamic phase and then a hold period during which the machine is in a kinematic state.

Casting an eye back over the last few thousand years, one might see a central scientific issue has been the relationship between motion and stillness. We have a fragment of Parmenides . . . How do we relate the eternal stillness of God to the chaotic dynamics of earth? In particular, how to relate the elemental truths of mathematical to this dame dynamic world? The answer came with the invention of the cinema in the form of calculus. To study motion, break it into little steps. To see it more closely, make the steps smaller. To see it with mathematical precision, let the size of the steps go to zero.

Wednesday 31 May 2006

Cantor's continuum hypothesis was that the cardinal of the continuum (ie the number of points in it) is ℵ1, the second

[page 155]

transfinite number.

The world is dynamic. The task of science is to find formal models that predict world dynamics and subsets thereof. Formal models are static, and so can be represented by text, the scientific literature, each item of which is formally eternal, and will actually be part of the world as long as it is encoded in some physical way, like paper and ink or dots on a disk.

It has been speculated that the Universe may be modelled by a Turing machine, but quantum information theory suggests that it might require something more powerful, a network of 'oracle' machines. An oracle machine stops and asks for an oracle when it needs more information. This oracle, for a given machine, is the rest of the network to which it is connected. A network is a superposition of machines.

Why are there particles rather than continua? / SHANNON + STABILITY

Time does not exist in the formal mathematical world so we imagine all steps in all processes executing simultaneously. Obviously this is not so in reality (pace Parmenides and Plato), we live in the midst of a flow of events. There is structure among these events. First, they occur with different frequency, occupying different subsets of a time line graduated in the 'fundamental frequency of the local Universe'.

SECRECY = (VERY) SLOW COMMUNICATION / ADIABATIC

adiabatos = impassible.

Hamiltonian 'time translator' = Turing Machine.

. . .

[page 150]

In building terms I am coming to the end of the earthworks. I have found my foundations, and can begin pouring concrete into the rock.

frequency = f(barrier height)

. . .

Thursday 1 June 2006

. . .

We are using the theory of communication (broadly construed) to provide a new foundation for all human interaction which is also common to the rest of the Universe.

God, like the sun, is a source of low entropy energy which can bring down the variety of a system to a locally computable level.

We describe 'locally computable' in terms of the softness of transfinite arithmetic. transfinite arithmetic

The whole idea behind the transfinite network (I now realize) is to develop a picture of the Universe which we can apply equally to ourselves and to every other individual in the Universe so that we can all see we are all one -- we are parts of the whole because we can communicate wit the other parts of the whole. We never communicate with the whole as such, but with one of our peers.

The definition of infinity. Given a set S (card(S) = n) which we call finite, we can (using ordering?) construct another set (P(S) [the 'power set' of S], which is infinite with respect to S.

Religion is a communication protocol and also a set of

[page 157]

values which promotes some messages and deprecates others.

Religion and language go together like a horse and carriage.

We think CODE = LANGUAGE
PROTOCOL = RELIGION

Despite the importance o skill, technology and so on, it is how we manage our relationships with other people that determine our wealth (0 . . . 1) and power (0 . . . 1).

Football team is network. Football game is a competition between two networks controlled by a protocol enforcer (referee).

Friday 2 June 2006

How Universal is the Universe (1967)

It still reads well. I thought I had gone beyond it when I moved into the transfinite, but, since I have clarified to myself the 'permutation/subset' theory of infinity/transfinity, I can see that from the symmetry I called 'the relativity of transfinity' . . . binary numbers may be used as a model of the Cantor Universe. To expand the binary (quantum information theoretical) model to the full complexity of the Universe, whose basis we take to be the set of natural numbers, we need the whole Cantor Universe.

There is no time in formal mathematics, but there is time in the world we use to talk about mathematics and use it. The relationship in inherent in the working of a real computer, all change, all old. What we propose s that . . . the implementation of mathematics in Turing machines can be modelled by the implementation of mathematics in real computers, computer networks and human minds.

[page 158]

LOGICAL PROCESS : TURING MACHINE
MATERIAL PROCESS : PHYSICS

The question is: can the material process become aware of itself through the logical process? Aristotle's old question about matter and form can be answered by a theory of life.

SPACE == MATTER (this is our explanatory mapping, as we define terms to be pointers to an identical substrate.

What I want to do is to redo all the old terms by using them to point to new structures, eg a new definition of 'pure act' (h bar x ℵ0) etc etc.

The Greek scientists very soon latched onto the idea of form and one way or another it has remained central to the discussion of the nature of reality ever since. As well as form there i action.

This is an essay about form and action. It is written in the current debate about 'Intelligent design', which might be seen (in the dramatic world of the mass media) as a battle between traditional theology and religion and modern science and engineering (social and physical). . . .

The roots of theology lie in myth, stories of the powers and actions of the Gods, often full of lust, battle and mayhem that puts modern soap opera to shame. Graves

The play is a text (formalism) that is realized (put into action) by the players.

[page 159]

Saturday 3 June 2006

Dawkins', Blind Watchmaker and Dennett's Breaking the Spell' emphasize that our space of knowledge and conscious choice is a subset of the overall space of constraints that shape us and our behaviour. Dawkins, Dennett This area of 'effective darkness' corresponds to the ancient mystery we call god.

Proof of the existence of god (= the whole) : no local system can fully explain itself. On the other hand, concepts of 'the whole' eg 'the set of all sets' lead to inconsistency. Mendelson

Quantum field theory proposes to model the visible dance of the particles by seeking constraints on the motions of giant vectors in a transfinite function space. Weinberg The beauty of this abstract model is that it can be visualized, as Feynman has done for us, as a lot of little arrows rotating in their own spaces and adding (in a special way) to create 'bigger' arrows. Feynman This idea lies behind the path integral method in quantum theory. Feynman We imagine that a particle that wants to go from a to b looks at all the possible routes and chooses to follow the one that is the least trouble. A physicist would say that nature follows the path of least action, and would use the methods of quantum field theory to calculate this path in a given situation [to arrive at an estimate of the probability that the particle will make it from a to b ]. Thus anthropomorphized, we see that quantum field theory is a version of applied ecology, trying to predict the paths of living things through their lives from birth to death.

An issue: I want a mate but can see no agent other than fate available to find one.

Management: a reliable agent must be assigned to control each degree of freedom that feeds in to an outcome,

[page 160]

FORM is itself unconscious. It becomes conscious by looking at itself through a process of transformation of self into a model of self and the use of this model to predict the outcome various [courses of action].

To rotate a vector, multiply it by a matrix. But what reality (mechanism) underlies this arithmetic. We propose to visualize it all as a network, a set of pipes carrying rotating arrows. The pipes are 4-space, the arrows, Hilbert space.

Even if I am wrong, no matter, it is a step forward. . . . The aim is to be very clearly wrong so that correction is easy. In this respect the Catholic model of god and the world is the perfect starting point for my new model. Hopefully, each new model corrects the deficiencies of the old.

Can we say that at some peer level, energy = entropy, and then they bifurcate, entropy growing in effect exponentially with respect to energy, so that log H = E.

Shannon recast an old villain as a good guy and shifted the emphasis from mechanical engineering to communication engineering (vie electrical engineering).

Roman Catholic Church : a very successful business plan based on deluding the customers. Dennett page 159: 'pragmatism compressed their horizons' (?) On the other hand, there might also be pragmatism in widening the search for solutions, since history seems to teach that there are solutions if you search widely enough -- that is how we got on this roller coaster : every solution widens the space of potential problems.

Dennett 160: '. . . those who practice folk religion don't think of themselves as practicing a religion at all.

ie INERTIAL = UNCONSCIOUS religion. Consciousness comes from the interaction of different religions.

page 161 'Where there is no ambient doubt to speak of, there is no need to peak of faith.'

Quantum mechanics = network traffic analysis.

page 168 'How clever of wild sheep to have acquired that most versatile adaptation, the shepherd.'

page 179: 'Religions exist primarily for people to achieve together what they cannot achieve alone'. David Sloan Wilson Darwin's Cathedral. Wilson

RELIGION - INTEGRATIVE PROTOCOL

page 191: Stark: '"People care about Gods because if they exist, they are potential exchange partners possessed of immense resources".'

The Theology Company: The Religion Business

page 192: '"Because Gods are conscious beings [in fact ourselves] they are potential exchange partners because all beings are assumed to want something for which they might be induced to give something valuable.".'

My desire to make a living for theology is a form of quality control since I have had a life long reluctance to make money from inferior work, although I have done it a few times.

. . .

[page 162]

PERSONALITY is a vector in PERSONALITY SPACE.

As I sit gazing into your eyes we are exchanging trillions of photons, phonons and other tiny particles every second. This is the physical layer of our communication, and has sufficient entropy to carry the human affection we feel.

Dennet page 207: 'If anybody raises questions or objections about our religion that you cannot answer that person is almost certainly Satan. In fact, the more reasonable the person is, the more eager to engage you in open minded and congenial discussion, the more sure you can be that you are talking to Satan in disguise. Turn away! Do not listen! Its a trap!

A contradiction of attempted wholeness.

page 216: Rich Jeni: "You're basically killing one another to see who's got the better imaginary friend.'

Related sites

Concordat Watch

Revealing Vatican attempts to propagate its religion by international treaty


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Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Cercignani, Carlo, Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms, Oxford University Press, USA 2006 'Cercignani provides a stimulating biography of a great scientist. Boltzmann's greatness is difficult to state, but the fact that the author is still actively engaged in research into some of the finer, as yet unresolved issues provoked by Boltzmann's work is a measure of just how far ahead of his time Boltzmann was. It is also tragic to read of Boltzmann's persecution by his contemporaries, the energeticists, who regarded atoms as a convenient hypothesis, but not as having a definite existence. Boltzmann felt that atoms were real and this motivated much of his research. How Boltzmann would have laughed if he could have seen present-day scanning tunnelling microscopy images, which resolve the atomic structure at surfaces! If only all scientists would learn from Boltzmann's life story that it is bad for science to persecute someone whose views you do not share but cannot disprove. One surprising fact I learned from this book was how research into thermodynamics and statistical mechanics led to the beginnings of quantum theory (such as Planck's distribution law, and Einstein's theory of specific heat). Lecture notes by Boltzmann also seem to have influenced Einstein's construction of special relativity. Cercignani's familiarity with Boltzmann's work at the research level will probably set this above other biographies of Boltzmann for a very long time to come.' Dr David J Bottomley  
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Dawkins, Richard, The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design, Penguin/Pelican 1996 Preface: '[Darwinism] is, indeed a remarkably simple theory; ... In essence it amounts simply to the idea that non-random reproduction where there is hereditary variation, has consequences that are far reaching if there is time for them to be cumulative ... ' 
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Dennett, Daniel C, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Penguin Viking 2006 Jacket: 'In this daring and important new book, DCD seeks to uncover the origins of this remarkable family of phenomena that means so much to so many people, and to discuss why--and how--they have commanded allegiance, become so potent and shaped so many lives so strongly. What are the psychological dnd cultural soils in which religion first took root? Is it an addiction or a genuine need that we should try to perserve at any cost? Is it the product of blind evolutionary instinct or rational choice? Do those who believe in God have good resons for doing so? Are people right to say that the best way to live the good life is through religion. In a spirited argument that ranges through biology, history, and psychology, D explores how religion evolved from folk beliefs anbd how these early "wild" strains of religion were then carefully and consciously domesticated. At the motives pf religion's stewards entered this process, such features as secrecy, and systematic invulnberability to disproof emerged. D contends that this protective veneer of mystery needs to be removed so that religions can be better understood, and--more important--he argues that the widespread assumption that they are the necessary foundation of morality can no longer be supported. ... ' 
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Diamond, Jared, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Viking Adult 2004 'As suggested by its title, this book is about societal collapses - past, present and future - and the factors that cause human societies to fail. ... [Diamond's] primary mission is to determine the ecological, political and cultural conditions that lead to collapse and to contrast these with the conditions that favour success. ... Collapse is based on a series of detailed case studies. ... Diamond then provides a fuller exploration of the many rich parallels between these historic cases and select modern societies. ... What emerges most clearly from [his] analysis is the central role played by environmetnal decay in undermining human societies. ... In the end, [his] painstaking toil in the deep mines of history rewards him with sufficient nuggets of hope that he emerges 'cautiously optimistic' about the human prospect. ... The most important lesson to be drawn from Collapse is that resilient societies are nimble ones, capable of long term planning and of abandoning deeply entrenched but ultimately destructive core values and beliefs. This, in turn, requires a well informed public, inspired leadership and the political will to go against the established order of things. ... ' William Rees, Nature 433:15, 6 January 2005.  
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Exum, J Cheryl, and Stephen D moore (eds), Bilical Studies/Cultural Studies: The Third Sheffield Collaquium (Gender, Culture, Theory, 7), Sheffield 1998  
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Feynman, Richard P , and Albert P Hibbs, Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals, McGraw Hill 1965 Preface: 'The fundamental physical and mathematical concepts which underlie the path integral approach were first developed by R P Feynman in the course of his graduate studies at Princeton, ... . These early inquiries were involved with the problem of the infinte self-energy of the electron. In working on that problem, a "least action" principle was discovered [which] could deal succesfully with the infinity arising in the application of classical electrodynamics.' As described in this book. Feynam, inspired by Dirac, went on the develop this insight into a fruitful source of solutions to many quantum mechanical problems.  
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Feynman, Richard, QED: The Strange Story of Light and Matter, Princeton UP 1988 Jacket: 'Quantum electrodynamics - or QED for short - is the 'strange theory' that explains how light and electrons interact. Thanks to Richard Feynmann and his colleagues, it is also one of the rare parts of physics that is known for sure, a theory that has stood the test of time. ... In this beautifully lucid set of lectures he provides a definitive introduction to QED.' 
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Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths (volume 1), 1991 Jacket: 'A retelling of the stories of the Greek gods and heroes, embodying the conclusions of modern anthropology and archaeology. ... All the scattered elements of each myth have been reassembled into a harmonious narrative, and many variants are recorded which may help to determine its ritual or historical meaning.' 
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Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths (volume 2), 1990 Jacket: 'A retelling of the stories of the Greek gods and heroes, embodying the conclusions of modern anthropology and archaeology. ... All the scattered elements of each myth have been reassembled into a harmonious narrative, and many variants are recorded which may help to determine its ritual or historical meaning.' 
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Lamb, Horace, Dynamics, Cambridge University Press 1914-1960 back
Maxwell, James Clerk, The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell Volume II, Dover Publications 978-0486495613 2003 Amazon product description: 'One of the greatest theoretical physicists of the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell is best known for his studies of the electromagnetic field. These 101 scientific papers, arranged chronologically in two volumes, testify to Maxwell's scientific legacy and offer modern students of mathematics and physics stimulating reading. 197 figures. 39 tables. 1890 edition.' 
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Mendelson, Elliott, Introduction to Mathematical Logic, van Nostrand 1987 Preface: '... a compact introduction to some of the principal topics of mathematical logic. . . . In the belief that beginners should be exposed to the most natural and easiest proofs, free swinging set-theoretical methods have been used."  
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Weinberg, Steven, The Quantum Theory of Fields Volume I: Foundations, Cambridge University Press 1995 Jacket: 'After a brief historical outline, the book begins anew with the principles about which we are most certain, relativity and quantum mechanics, and then the properties of particles that follow from these principles. Quantum field theory then emerges from this as a natural consequence. The classic calculations of quantum electrodynamics are presented in a thoroughly modern way, showing the use of path integrals and dimensional regularization. The account of renormalization theory reflects the changes in our view of quantum field theory since the advent of effective field theories. The book's scope extends beyond quantum elelctrodynamics to elementary partricle physics and nuclear physics. It contains much original material, and is peppered with examples and insights drawn from the author's experience as a leader of elementary particle research. Problems are included at the end of each chapter. ' 
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Wilson, David Sloan, Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion and the Nature of Society, University Of Chicago Press 2003 Amazon Spotlight Review 'Religion in the Light of Evolution, January 2, 2003 Reviewer: R. Hardy "Rob Hardy" (Columbus, Mississippi USA) If you have an opinion about religion, or belong to a religion, most people disagree with you; there is not a majority religion in the world. And surely not all religions can be factually correct, since there are fundamental disagreements between them. So, how is it that all those other, incorrect religions exist and seem to help their members and their societies? There must be something they offer beyond a factual representation of gods and the cosmos (and when it comes down to it, if you belong to a religion, yours must be offering something more as well). If religions do help their members and societies, then perhaps they are beneficial in a long term and evolutionary way, and maybe such evolutionary influences should be acknowledged and studied. This is what David Sloan Wilson convincingly declares he has done in _Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society_ (University of Chicago Press): "I will attempt to study religious groups the way I and other evolutionary biologists routinely study guppies, trees, bacteria, and the rest of life on earth, with the intention of making progress that even a reasonable skeptic must acknowledge." To Wilson's credit, he has written carefully about both scientific and religious issues, and readers with an interest in either field will find that he has covered both fairly. His coverage of the science involved begins with an interesting history of "the wrong turn" evolutionary theory took fifty years ago, when it deliberately ignored the influence of group selection. Especially if one accepts that there is for our species not only an inheritance of genes, but also an inheritance of culture, evolutionary influence by and upon religious groups, especially in light of the examples Wilson discusses, now seems obvious. For instance, evolution often studies population changes due to gains and losses from births, deaths, and in the case of religion, conversion and apostasy. The early Christian church is shown to have made gains compared to Judaism and Roman mythology because of its promotion of proselytization, fertility, a welfare state, and women's participation. There is a temple system in Bali dedicated to the water goddess essential for the prosperity of the rice crops; "those who do not follow her laws may not possess her rice terraces." The religious system encompasses eminently practical procedures for promoting fair water use and even for pest control. Religious morality is shown to build upon the principles of the famously successful computer strategy Tit-for-Tat. There is a significant problem, of course, in religions' dealing with other groups; it is not at all uncommon for a religion to teach that murdering those who believe in other religions is different from murdering those inside one's own religion. There is a degree of amorality shown in such competition, no different from the amorality that governs the strivings of ferns, sparrows, and lions. Wilson's many examples are fascinating and easy to take, but _Darwin's Cathedral_ is not light reading; although Wilson wanted to write a book for readers of all backgrounds, he has not "'dumbed down' the material for a popular audience," and admits that there is serious intellectual work to be done in getting through these pages. There is valuable and clear writing here, however, and a new way of looking at religion which may become a standard in scientific evaluation.' 
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Papers
Bshary, R, A S Grutter, "Image scoring and cooperation in a cclerner fish mutualism", Nature, 441, 7096, 22 June 2006, page 975-978. 'Humans are highly social animals and often help unrelated individuals that may never reciprocate the altruist's favour. This apparent evolutionary puzzle may be explained by the altruist's gain in social image; image-scoring bystanders, also known as eavesdroppers, notice the altruistic act and therefore are more likely to help the altruist in the future. Such complex indirect reciprocity based on altruistic acts may evolve only after simple indirect reciprocity has been established, which requires two steps. First, image scoring evolves when bystanders gain personal benefits from information gathered, for example, by finding cooperative partners. Second, altruistic behaviour in the presence of such bystanders may evolve if altruists benefit from access to bystanders. Here we provide experimental evidence for both of the requirements in a cleaning mtualism involving the cleaner fish Labroides dim diatus. These cleaners may cooperate and remove ectoparasites from clients or they may cheat by feeding on client mucus. As mucus may be preferred over typical client ectoparasites, clients must make cleaners feed against their preference to obtain a cooperative service. We found that eavesdropping clients spend more time next to 'cooperative' than 'unknown cooperative level' cleaners, which shows that clients engage in image scoring behaviour. Furthermore, trained cleaners learned to feed more cooperatively when in an 'image-scoring' than in a 'non-image-scoring' situation.'. back
Morrison, Kathleen D, "Failure and how to avoid it", Nature, 440, 7085, 6 April 2006, page 752-754. 'Nothing lasts forever, not least human civilizations. There are many reason why societies stand or fall, and these lessons from the past require investigation at various places and on various timescales.'. back
Pace, Norman R, "Time for a change", Nature, 441, 7091, 18 May 2006, page 289. Prokaryote: gene sequence comparisons show the tree of life consists of bacteria, eukarya and archaea. The use of the term 'prokaryote' fails to recognize that an idea about life's origins has been proved wrong.'. back

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