vol VII: Notes
2014
Notes
[Notebook: DB 77 Discretion]
[Sunday 4 May 2014 - Saturday 10 May 2014]
[page 131]
Sunday 4 May 2014
Australian Research Theology Foundation ARTF
Comment to NY Times: 'America and Australia are shrinking because their Christian theologies are trying to cram them into the tiny world of ancient Palestine rather than opening out to the vast Universe revealed by astronomy, biology, psychology and the enlightened world of human rights quality and universal education.'
Carnot engine tells us how to turn solar energy into zero entropy mechanical motion [same done by photovoltaic cells].
The mission from God is to promote a certain God that has talken one's fancy, that is a form or algorithm wich could be anything. Many people are on missions from Coca-Cola.
[page 132]
My mission, as I see it, is to promote an evidence based rather than myth based God. But what is the difference? It depends on what you mean by evidence and for most of us the principal source of evidence is our own perception of ourselves, This is where my theology is coming from, But my perception of myself is much influenced by the scientific narrative of my origins and the forces that have shaped me.
Insofar as the Universe is predictable it is deterministic, since only with deterministic processes can we accurately predict what comes next.
In many religions the god (gods) knows and can predict everything. The system is completely deterministic. The Cristian God has this property, which conflicts to a degree with the nation that we have free will. Here we get something like the many worlds hypothesis built on a misunderstanding of quantum mechanics., where all possibilities are realized in one world or anther and God knows them all. This is subject to some sort of invisibility theorem which says we are only aware of the possibilities that are realized in our world, not the other worlds.
Feynman I, 40-1 'The laws of mechanics which apply just to thermal equilibrium are called statistical mechanics . . . '
'The mean value for the kinetic energy for any motion of at the absolute temperature t is 1/2kT . . . for each degree of freedom.
40-3: Boltzmann's Law: 'the probability of finding molecules in a given spatial arrangement varies exponentially with the negative of the potential energy of that arrangement divided by kT, n = ke-p.e./kT
[page 133]
Carnot efficiency is how much determinism (zero entropy mechanical work) we an get out of randomness by reducing the temperature while keeping the entropy constant, ie disposing of the entropy in a cool reservoir. Carnot engine gets fixed points out of chaos.
On the Sun God
Go the Sun God
God is what is, the way things are, dynamic [pure act].
We are studying the life if God in the Hebrew, Greek, Roman Christian doctrine, from which various Gods first introduce their multiple selves until now, when we can recognize the singularity and multiplicity of God.
Evolution occurs in discrete steps if it occurs at all. Although it is very difficult to model the actual dynamic life of a creature, we can read and talk about its DNA which is a formal algorithm for creating maintaining and reproducing each creature. Changes in the DNA are strongly correlated with changes in the resulting organism and it is the these changed individuals that are favoured or culled by selection, natural or otherwise. Changes in the DNA are discrete substitutions of one of the bases A,T, C, G which can be readily detected by sequencing the genome. They are discrete or atomic.
Mr Netanyahu and the 'Jewish State'. Beaumont Wikipedia Human rights in Israel. Peter Beaumont, Human rights in israel - Wikipedia
Modulation of visibiity and the black body spectrum - can you see a degree of freedom?
[page 134]
Monday 5 May 2014
Tuesday 6 May 2014
Human activity is part of the overall divine dynamics and to some degree under our control.
Wednesday 7 May 2014
Catholicism is effectively dead, like coal fired power.
Cercignani: Boltzmann Cercignani
Cercignan page 2: '. . . What do we exchange to keep ourselves alive? Not energy which is consumed in work or sweat . . . but entropy. More exactly, negative entropy; in other words, we get rid of entropy to keep our state well ordered (in good health) . . . Where does this negative entropy of plants come from? The answer is from the sun . . . '.
page 3: '. . . it is too difficult to describe what happens in the world in terms of its basic constituents. What we can do is establish a bridge between the various levels of order to form a coherent picture. The whole of Boltzmann's work is a masterpiece of this procedure, ie how to construct, starting from atoms, a description that explains everyday life.'
Symmetry with respect to complexity.
As Feynman diagrams suggest, every human relationship is a social event and has social inputs and outputs. Social networks overlap and we can think of an overlap interval or a covariant differential as a measure
[page 135]
of this overlap. This is what gives structure to society, the relatively weak overlaps in social bonding strengthened by mass media, the internet, etc. Veltman: Diagrammatica
A Jewish State. Science is constrained by reality. Culture, on the other hand, is not. It is an art, not a science. Works of art are held together by the principles studied in science, but these principles admit of an infinity of interpretations, which is why the Universe is endlessly creative.
Perhaps so malleable are people that one just has to assume the mannerisms of a global leader and one will be followed.
Freedom within the laws of nature, The more precisely we obey these laws, the more freedom we have through the multiplication of permutations of the multiplication of well defined individuals. Science is constrained by reality. Art is released by reality.
Thursday 8 May 2014
Cercignani page 73: '. . . so we must explain the fact that regular physical processes described by continuous variables emerge at the macroscopic level of everyday life from the extremely complex motions of enormous numbers of particles and the fact that the passage to the continuum description is accompanied by the break of time symmetry and leads from reversible microscopic motion to irreversible macroscopic phenomena.
'This problem is the main theme of Boltzmann's scientific work.
Friday 9 May 2014
[page 136]
As a scientist Aquinas was heavily handicapped by the dogmatic requirements of the Church which requires a God alien to the Universe. Aristotle's god was part of the Universe, albeit a very special being, a self sufficient unmoved move that was . . . alive, intelligent and aware of itself. Aquinas was required to take this being outside the Universe, creating the difficulties listed in Commonweal Gary Gutting review of Turner Thomas Aquinas: A portrait Yale UP. Turner
Roman Catholic Church is world's greatest master of misinformation and spin but this can only be demonstrated by developing alternative unspun information.
God is all that can possibly exist, that is what actually exists at a given moment, since God is alive and dynamic. [not all elements of the divine superposition can exist at once as discrete symbols]
Cercingnani page 82: 'Essentially [Carnot] saw that there was something that was conserved in reversible processes; this was not heat or caloric, however, but what was later called entropy.
In classical mechanics all degrees of freedom are given equal energy and probability [weight] In quantum mechanics we have a situation more like Shannon where various degrees of freedom have different probability so entropy is computed not by Boltzmann;s k log W but by Shannon's ∑i pi log pi, ∑i pi = 1.
page 97: Loschmidt's paradox, ie from a Newtonian point of view, if t describes the evolution of a system, -t does also. Boltzmann answers with a statistical argument that ultimately rests (I think) on Gödel and Turing's theorems.
Photons expand (go to longer wavelength) as the Universe
[page 137]
expands but atoms do not. Photons are redshifted, atoms not! [if there were only photons we could not tell that the Universe is expanding, we can only tell by comparing it to the diameter of an atom!]
Causality / meaning give a direction in time in terms of the encoding and of a signal: first encode (give meaning) then decode (extract meaning), eg evolution gives meaning to the future.
Reading the news on the network, we are principally interested in the fluctuations, the 'news', other than the continuum, the background. People (some at least) strive to become fluctuations, ie celebrities, inventors, leaders etc.
Saturday 10 May 2014
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Copyright:
You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.
Further reading
Books
Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)
Augustine, Saint, and Edmond Hill (Introduction, translation and notes), and John E Rotelle (editor), The Trinity, New City Press 1991 Written 399 - 419: De Trinitate is a radical restatement, defence and development of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. Augistine's book has served as a foundation for most subsequent work, particularly that of Thomas Aquinas.
Amazon
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Beale, R, and T Jackson, Neural Computing: An Introduction, Adam Hilger 1991 Jacket: '... starts from basics and goes on to cover all the most important approaches to the subject. ... The capabilities, advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed as are possible applications of each. The relationship of the models developed to the brain and its functions are also explored.'
Amazon
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Canon Law Society of America, Holy See, Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition, Canon Law Society of America 1984 Pope John Paul XXXIII announced his decision to reform the existing corpus of canonical legislation on 25 January 1959. Pope John Paul II ordered the promulgation of the revised Code of Canon law on the same day in 1983. The latin text is definitive. This English translation has been approved by the Canonical Affairs Committee of the [US] National Conference of Catholic Bishops in October 1983.
Amazon
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Cercignani, Carlo, Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms, Oxford University Press, USA 2006 'Cercignani provides a stimulating biography of a great scientist. Boltzmann's greatness is difficult to state, but the fact that the author is still actively engaged in research into some of the finer, as yet unresolved issues provoked by Boltzmann's work is a measure of just how far ahead of his time Boltzmann was. It is also tragic to read of Boltzmann's persecution by his contemporaries, the energeticists, who regarded atoms as a convenient hypothesis, but not as having a definite existence. Boltzmann felt that atoms were real and this motivated much of his research. How Boltzmann would have laughed if he could have seen present-day scanning tunnelling microscopy images, which resolve the atomic structure at surfaces! If only all scientists would learn from Boltzmann's life story that it is bad for science to persecute someone whose views you do not share but cannot disprove. One surprising fact I learned from this book was how research into thermodynamics and statistical mechanics led to the beginnings of quantum theory (such as Planck's distribution law, and Einstein's theory of specific heat). Lecture notes by Boltzmann also seem to have influenced Einstein's construction of special relativity. Cercignani's familiarity with Boltzmann's work at the research level will probably set this above other biographies of Boltzmann for a very long time to come.' Dr David J Bottomley
Amazon
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| Denzinger, Henricus, and Adolphus Schoenmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum, Herder 1963 Introduction: 'Dubium non est quin praeter s. Scripturam cuique theologo summe desiderandus sit etiam liber manualis quo contineantur edicta Magisterii ecclesiastici eaque saltem maioris momenti, et quo ope variorim indicum quaerenti aperiantur eorum materiae.' (3)
'There is no doubt that in addition to holy Scripture, every theologian also needs a handbook which contains at least the more important edicts of the Magisterium of the Church, indexed in a way which makes them easy to find.'back |
Deutsch, David, The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes - and its Implications, Allen Lane Penguin Press 1997 Jacket: 'Quantum physics, evolution, computation and knowledge - these four strands of scientific theory and philosophy have, until now, remained incomplete explanations of the way the universe works. ... Oxford scholar DD shows how they are so closely intertwined that we cannot properly understand any one of them without reference to the other three. ...'
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Feynman, Richard P, and Albert P Hibbs, Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals, McGraw Hill 1965 Preface: 'The fundamental physical and mathematical concepts which underlie the path integral approach were first developed by R P Feynman in the course of his graduate studies at Princeton, ... . These early inquiries were involved with the problem of the infinte self-energy of the electron. In working on that problem, a "least action" principle was discovered [which] could deal succesfully with the infinity arising in the application of classical electrodynamics.' As described in this book. Feynam, inspired by Dirac, went on the develop this insight into a fruitful source of solutions to many quantum mechanical problems.
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Genesis, and Alexander Jones (editor), in The Jerusalem Bible, Darton Longman and Todd 1966 'In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was a formless void, there was darkness over the deep, and God's spirit hovered over the water.' (I, 1-2)
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Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth (editors), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press 1996 Jacket: 'The ultimate reference work on the classical world. . . . Over 6 200 entries illuminate every facet of life in ancient times to provide a gold-mine of factual information and a host of fascinating thematic entries. Most entries give plentiful and detailed references to ancient sources and all but the shortest of entries have extensive cross-references and are followed by full bibliographies.'
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Isaiah, and (Alexander Jones, Editor), in The Jerusalem Bible, Darton Longman and Todd 1966 Introduction to the Prophets: 'The prophet Isaiah was born about 756 B.C. In the year of king Uzziah's death, 740, he received his prophetic vision while in the Temple of Jerusalem. His mission was to proclaim the fall of Israel and Judah, the punishment of the nation's infidelity. ... The prominent part played by Isaiah in his country's affairs made him a national figure, but he was also a poet of genius. Brilliance of style and freshness of imagery make his work pre-eminent in the literature of the Bible; he wrote a conciae, majestic and harmonious prose unsurpassed by any of the biblical writers who were to follow him.'
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Khinchin, A I, Mathematical Foundations of Information Theory (translated by P A Silvermann and M D Friedman), Dover 1957 Jacket: 'The first comprehensive introduction to information theory, this book places the work begun by Shannon and continued by McMillan, Feinstein and Khinchin on a rigorous mathematical basis. For the first time, mathematicians, statisticians, physicists, cyberneticists and communications engineers are offered a lucid, comprehensive introduction to this rapidly growing field.'
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Matthew, and Alexander Jones (editor), in The Jerusalem Bible, Darton Longman and Todd 1966 Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels: '[Matthew is] a dramatic account in seven acts of the coming of the kingdom of heaven. 1. The preparation of the kingdom in the person of the child-Messiah. . . . 2. the formal proclamation of the charter of the Kingdom i.e. the Sermon on the Mount 3. The preaching of the kingdom by missionaries 4. The obstacles that the kingdom will meet from men 5. Its embryonic existence ... 6. The crisis . .. which is to prepare the way for the definitive coming of the kingdom . . . 7. The coming itself ... through the Passion and resurrection.'
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Psalms, The Jerusalem Bible, Darton Longman and Todd 1966 Introduction to the Psalms: 'The Pslter is Israel's hymn-book. The Temple, as we know, had its cantors from the beginning, though they are not mentioned until after the Exile. . . . The Psalter was tghe hymn-book of the Temple and the synagogue before it was adopted by the Christian Church.' page 7820
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Robinson, John Arthur Thomas, Honest to God, Westminster John Knox Press 1963 Jacket: 'Bishop Robinson's work, Honest to God, for all its seeming radicalism, was a work of preservation. The task he set for himself . . . was to address this question: How is one to assure the survival of belief in God in a world where such belief is increasingly rejected, not so much because it is incredible as becasuse those who articulate the belief often make it seem incredible. This book is in the form of a via negative, historically a highly respectable enterprise. . . . It was not so much the 'radicalism' of the book that disturbed the readers, it was the honesty.' Joseph William Goetz, The Christian Century
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Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, The Story of Spin, University of Chicago Press 1997 Jacket: 'The Story of Spin, as told by Sin-itiro Tomonaga and lovingly translated by Takeshi Oka, is a brilliant and witty account of the development of modern quantum theory, which takes electron spin as a pivotal concept. Reading these twelve lectures on the fundamental aspects of physics is a joyful experience that is rare indeed.' Laurie Brown, Northwestern University.
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Turner, Denys , Thomas Aquinas: A Portrait, Yale University Press 2013 'Leaving so few traces of himself behind, Thomas Aquinas seems to defy the efforts of the biographer. Highly visible as a public teacher, preacher, and theologian, he nevertheless has remained nearly invisible as man and saint. What can be discovered about Thomas Aquinas as a whole? In this short, compelling portrait, Denys Turner clears away the haze of time and brings Thomas vividly to life for contemporary readers—those unfamiliar with the saint as well as those well acquainted with his teachings.'
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Veltman, Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. ...'
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Papers
| Clauset, Aaron, Cristopher Moore, M E J Newman, "Hierarchical structure and the prediction of missing links in networks", Nature, 453, 7191, 1 May 2008, page 98 - 101. Abstract: 'Networks have in recent years emerged as an invaluable tool for describing and quantifying complex systems in many branches of science. Recent studies suggest that networks often exhibit hierarchical organization, in which vertices divide into groups that further subdivide into groups of groups, and so forth over multiple scales. In many cases the groups are found to correspond to known functional units, such as ecological niches in food webs, modules in biochemical networks (protein interaction networks, metabolic networks or genetic regulatory networks) or communities in social networks Here we present a general technique for inferring hierarchical structure from network data and show that the existence of hierarchy can simultaneously explain and quantitatively reproduce many commonly observed topological properties of networks, such as right-skewed degree distributions, high clustering coefficients and short path lengths. We further show that knowledge of hierarchical structure can be used to predict missing connections in partly known networks with high accuracy, and for more general network structures than competing techniques. Taken together, our results suggest that hierarchy is a central organizing principle of complex networks, capable of offering insight into many network phenomena.'. back |
| Dirac, P A M, "The Lagrangian in Quantum Mechanics", Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, 3, 1, 1933, page 64-72. 'Quantum mechanics was built up on a foundation of analogy with the Hamiltonian theory of classical mechanics. . . . there is an alternative formulation of classical dynamics provided by the Lagrangian. This requires one to work in terms of coordinates and velocities instead of coordinates and momenta. The two formulations are, of course, closely related, but there are reasons for believing that the Lagrangian one is the more fundamental.' Reprinted in Julian Schwinger (editor), Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics, Dover, New York, 1958.. back |
| Hamilton, Douglas P, Harald Kruger, "The sculpting of Jupiter's gossamer rings by its shadow", Nature, 453, 7191, 1 May 2008, page 72 - 75. Abstract: 'Dust near Jupiter is produced when interplanetary impactors collide energetically with small inner moons, and is organized into a main ring, an inner halo, and two fainter and more distant gossamer rings. Most of these structures are constrained by the orbits of the moons Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea and Thebe, but a faint outward protrusion called the Thebe extension behaves differently and has eluded understanding. Here we report on dust impacts detected during the Galileo spacecraft's traversal of the outer ring region: we find a gap in the rings interior to Thebe's orbit, grains on highly inclined paths, and a strong excess of submicrometre-sized dust just inside Amalthea's orbit. We present detailed modelling that shows that the passage of ring particles through Jupiter's shadow creates the Thebe extension and fully accounts for these Galileo results. Dust grains alternately charge and discharge when traversing shadow boundaries, allowing the planet's powerful magnetic field to excite orbital eccentricities and, when conditions are right, inclinations as well.'. back |
| Rosenblatt, Frank, "The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain,", Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Psychological Review, 65, 6, 1958, page 386 - 408. 'Frank Rosenblatt invented the perceptron in 1957 at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in an attempt to understand human memory, learning, and cognitive processes. On 23 June 1960, he demonstrated the Mark I Perceptron, the first machine that could "learn" to recognize and identify optical patterns.' (From Perceptrons:
An Associative Learning Network
by
Michele D. Estebon http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Perceptrons.Estebon.html#3). back |
| Saville, Margot, "Welcome on Board", The Sydney Morning Herald: Good Weekend, , , 3 May 2008, page 23 - 28. 'Even when [women] are placed in a senior role, they often get paid less than the nearest man. In January the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency (EOWA) released a report that examined the pay structure of the five most highly paid executives in Austrlia's 200 largest (stockmarket-listed) companies. Only 80 out of those 1136 positions (7 per cent) were held by women, and when a female became chief financial officer or chief operating officer, she earned half the wage of her male equivalent, while female CEOs earned two-thirds. Even in human resources positions, where women are more common, the pay gap was still 43%.'. back |
| Shermer, Michael, "JAMA and the Mountebank", Nature, 451, , 7 February 2008, page 628-629. Review of Charlatan: America's Most Dangerous Huckster, The Man Who Pursued Him and the Age of Flim Flam, by Pope Brook. '. . . faith in anecdotes can make us easy to exploit. Any medical huckster promising that A will cure B has only to advertise a handful of successful testimonials. Enter John R. Brinkley, one of the most notorious medical quacks of the first half of the twentieth century, and his nemesis Morris Fishbein, the quackbusting editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Their long struggle throughout the 1920s and 1930s, wonderfully retold in a gripping narrative by Pope Brock, brings to life this tension between folk and scientific medicine.'. back |
| Tour, James M, Tao He, "The fourth element", Nature, 453, 7191, 1 May 2008, page 42-43. 'Almost four decades since its existence was first proposed, a fourth basic circuit element joins the canonical three. The 'memristor' might herald a step-change in the march toward ever more powerful circuitry.'. back |
Links
| ARTF, Australian Research Theology Foundation, 'The Australian Research Theology Foundation was set up by the Revd Robert Houghton in 1973 from private funds to promote theological research and education with an Australian orientation. The Foundation is independent and not part of any official church structure. It funds and promotes research scholars, studies, experimental projects conferences or other possibilities that further its purposes. We welcome applications from anyone or group with a creative idea consistent with the Foundation's objects.' back |
| Cantor's theorem - Wikipedia, Cantor's theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In elementary set theory, Cantor's theorem states that, for any set A, the set of all subsets of A (the power set of A) has a strictly greater cardinality than A itself. For finite sets, Cantor's theorem can be seen to be true by a much simpler proof than that given below, since in addition to subsets of A with just one member, there are others as well, and since n < 2n for all natural numbers n. But the theorem is true of infinite sets as well. In particular, the power set of a countably infinite set is uncountably infinite. The theorem is named for German mathematician Georg Cantor, who first stated and proved it.' back |
| Catalyst, Knowledge: The Bottom Line, 'THE BOTTOM LINE: CORPORATE PERFORMANCE AND WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION ON BOARDS
Women Board Directors (WBD) Align With Strong Performance at Fortune 500 Companies1
Financial measures excel where women serve'
back |
| Gödel's incompleteness theorems - Wikipedia, Gödel's incompleteness theorems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In mathematical logic, Gödel's incompleteness theorems, proved by Kurt Gödel in 1931, are two theorems stating inherent limitations of all but the most trivial formal systems for arithmetic of mathematical interest..' back |
| Joseph-Louis Lagrange - Wikipedia, Joseph-Louis Lagrange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Joseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de l'Empire (January 25, 1736 — April 10, 1813; b. Turin, baptised in the name of Giuseppe Lodovico Lagrangia) was an Italian mathematician and astronomer who made important contributions to all fields of analysis and number theory and to classical and celestial mechanics as arguably the greatest mathematician of the 18th century.' back |
| Marist Brothers - Wikipedia, Marist Brothers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Marist Brothers are a Catholic religious order of brothers and affiliated lay people. The order was founded in France, at La Valla near Lyon in 1817 by Saint Marcellin Champagnat, a young French priest of the Society of Mary (Marist Fathers).
Worldwide, there are more than 4500 brothers working in 77 countries on 5 continents. They directly share their mission and spirituality with more than 40,000 laypeople, and together educate close to 500,000 children and young people in schools, and minister to the spiritual and material wellbeing of countless others.' back |
| Nazareth - Wikipedia, Nazareth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Nazareth . . . is the capital and largest city in the North District of Israel. It also serves as an Arab capital for Israel's Arab citizens who make up the vast majority of the population there.[2] In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical associations.' back |
| Noel S McFerran, Toleration Act, 1689, 'Forasmuch as some ease to scrupulous consciences in the exercise of religion may be an effectual means to unite their Majesties Protestant subjects in interest and affection: ... ' back |
| Occam's Razor - Wikipedia, Occam's Razor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. The principle states that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible, eliminating those that make no difference in the observable predictions of the explanatory hypothesis or theory. The principle is often expressed in Latin as the lex parsimoniae ("law of parsimony" or "law of succinctness"): "entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem", or "entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity". . . . Originally a tenet of the reductionist philosophy of nominalism, it is more often taken today as a heuristic maxim (rule of thumb) that advises economy, parsimony, or simplicity, often or especially in scientific theories.' back |
| Perceptron - Wikipedia, Perceptron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianotesm05d04, 'The perceptron is a type of artificial neural network invented in 1957 at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory by Frank Rosenblatt. It can be seen as the simplest kind of feedforward neural network: a linear classifier.' back |
| Reality-based community - Wikipedia, Reality-based community - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The source of the term is a quotation in an October 17, 2004, New York Times Magazine article by writer Ron Suskind, quoting an unnamed aide to George W. Bush:
The aide said that guys like me were "in what we call the reality-based community," which he defined as people who "believe that solutions emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality." ... "That's not the way the world really works anymore," he continued. "We're an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. And while you're studying that reality—judiciously, as you will—we'll act again, creating other new realities, which you can study too, and that's how things will sort out. We're history's actors…and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do.' back |
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