natural theology

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vol VII: Notes

2017

Notes

Sunday 10 September 2017 - Saturday 16 September 2017

[Notebook: DB 81: Scientific theology]

[page 147]

Sunday 10 September 2017

Holland: Classical particles interact via potentials. Holland: The Quantum Theory of Motion: An Account of the de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

page 28: '. . . on its own the spacetime theory of matter and motion of classical mechanics is not broad or deep enough to include quantum mechanics.'

My comment 1993: spacetime is a result of quantum processes! Still think this but not a lot more.

Conscience: When I was a Catholic child I was instructed to search my conscience for sins to confess in confession. In the Dominicans this went a bit further and I was asked to confess breaches of the rule to the House Chapter - check the Constitution.

[page 148]

Holland page 61: Holland wants to give [individual?] particles a 'personality' in the sense of a 'internal' potential V' that influences their reaction to the standard 'external' potentials of Newtonian mechanics.

page 63: 'In order to give a consistent physical interpretation of V' we have to generalise our concept of what constitutes "matter" . . . When we speak of a "material system" we therefore mean a composite entity comprising simultaneously real wave and corpuscular aspects.'

'Notice that in this most simple of possible generalizations of classical Hamilton-Jacobi theory the particle plays a passive role The S-function [S is Hamilton's principal function] has been elevated from a passive to an active role and now physically acts to affect particle motion, but the particle does not in turn influence the wave. One can certainly envisage a theory in which the particle and wave aspects interact in a dialectical fashion, but we will not discuss this possibility here because it is not necessary to the understanding of quantum mechanics.' Sounds a bit Platonic [what happened to action and reaction are equal and opposite?].

page 65: 'Endowing matter with a field aspect, mathematically described by ρ [probability density function] and S which no longer have a purely descriptive significance enables us to avoid the paradox of an individual's properties apparently depending upon an ensemble.' Do they in quantum mechanics? An electron does what an electron does whenever we meet it.

'The generalization envisaged here . . . is a casual determinist theory of individuals. The internal potential is an organizational or self-referential form of energy which brings about an "inner tension" in the material system to which the mass points respond.' What is new? Newtonian physics is built around mass and momentum. Quantum mechanical particles have a lot of other properties like spin and different forms of charge ie communication channels between fermions realized by bosons.

[page 149]

The act of writing defines a trajectory in the space of meanings that can be defined by language. I am setting out to write an essay on 'logical physics' a contribution to my general thesis that the universe is divine and so physics is the study of God's body. I am thinking of physics these days in terms of a computer network rather than the geometric picture currently popular which describes the world in terms of quantum field theories whose domain is a passive spacetimes defined by Minkowski in which the Lorentz transformation defined by special relativity enables us to see the world as one despite the different states of motion of its constituents. The idea is that all the processes in the universe, including local motion are acts of communication executed by logical computation and the continuity in the universe is defined not only by classical mathematical analysis but by proofs established by the execution of computable algorithms. The plan is to express quantum mechanics and quantum field theory in terms of computer networks still a vague and poorly worked out idea even though I have been thinking about it for most of my life,

The present motivation for another attack on this problem is Holland's book on the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation and extension of quantum mechanics which seeks to elucidate the physical processes which yield the statistical behaviours predicted and observed by quantum mechanics. The basic idea seems to be that individual quantum processes are deterministic and well defined but quantum mechanics misses the detail and just describes the behaviour of ensembles of particles The issue is similar to the use of statistics by government. Even though every citizen is leading a detailed life of interaction with other citizens which depend upon their individual personalities and situations, government statisticians can nevertheless put us all into bins of age, health, income, religion, political tendencies and so on. Holland sees quantum mechanics producing such statistics without taking note of the underlying deterministic behaviour that guides individual lives. He thinks this can be done by using waves to guide particles. My approach is to see particles behaving logically, like communicating computers, and generate the statistics by considering

[page 150]

ensembles of logical agents. This process is somewhat self-referential. Even though I am writing logically and hopefully communicating logically with you, nevertheless these deterministic deterministic elements that can be understood by logical computers are embedded in a vast network of inputs and interrupts that introduce a random element into my behaviour as a particle. Because networking and computation are to a good degree scale invariant, I can use my personal experience as a clue to understand the behaviour of electrons even though their repertoire of behaviour is much more restricted than mine.

I assume that my intelligence and consequent insights are products of the network structure of my central nervous system. The insight that insight and quantum events are the same phenomenon at different scale then supports the idea that a quantum event like the emission or absorption of a particle is also mediated by a network process. the idea is supported by the idea that quantum mechanics describes the motion of messages in a network.

What is the half-life of an insight? And how do we measure intelligence except by the depth and frequency of insights. On this basis, U238 is a slow thinker and many exotic particles wit infinitesimal half lives are pretty smart. And maybe the proton is deadly dull, lasting longer than the Universe. We understand quantum events by tunnelling. How does the brain tunnel?

Monday 11 September 2017

Holland page 66: 'If we wish to do more [than accept the purely probabilistic interpretation of the wave function] and attempt to understand the experimental results as a causally connected series of individual processes [ie a computation] then we are free to enquire as to the possible further significance of the wave function (beyond its probabilistic aspect), and to introduce other concepts in addition

[page 151]

to the wave function.

Holland page 67; 'The additional element we introduce apart from the wave function is a particle conceived in the classic sense as pursuing a continuous track in space and time.' Which I would like to understand as a series of [identical or symmetrical] computational steps like walking.'

. . .

So all he seems to be doing is trying to extract more information out of the phase. On the computer model 0 ≤ ψ(t) ≤ 2π is a measure of the total task that the computer has completed at time t. By dissecting the phase into little pieces he is making it easier to see the evolution of the phase as a description of computation. He wants to keep the phase and the particle all the time. It may be better to see φ = 0 as the moment of 'collision' of two particles, leading to a process that is complete at φ = 2π and whose outcome is the 'after' particles.

page 79: '. . . there is no reciprocal action of the particle on the wave (This suggests that Newton's third law . . . is violated).' Also conservation of energy and momentum. We are envisaging some sort of 'one way' force.

page 81: '. . . the basic dynamical law of quantum mechanics (the Schrödinger equation) is formulated in terms of an interaction of the wave directly with the potential V and not the force −∇V. This implies that the value of a potential at point has a more direct physical meaning in quantum mechanics than it has in quantum mechanics.'

[page 152]

Holland page 91: 'The particle responds to more subtle features of ψ than the intensity.' [The only other thing is phase]

If we count the letters in this text, we obtain a distribution similar to the distributions we get in quantum mechanics. From one point of view (ie that of a communication engineer) this may be considered random, but from the point of view of writer and reader, this distribution is a consequence of the language we are using and the meaning we are trying to convey. Can we attribute a similar 'metastructure' to quantum mechanical probability distributions — the measured system is trying to say something to the measurer, and in general particles are talking to one another in words and sentences albeit very simple ones. This is clear enough in molecular biology. Maybe at the particle level where there is not much memory, such longer strings are not possible.

page 107: 'The observed position is what the actual position evolves into in the circumstances of the measurement interaction.'

My general feeling is that the whole Bohm thing is silly because it assumes that real continua are defined to complete precision without taking into account the need for quantization to achieve error free communication. A system which grows from an initial singularity by complexification is bound (by a sort of median value theorem) to pass through a period of low complexity. Even though the natural numbers are defined precisely, the gaps between them introduce uncertainty when we are measuring geometric lengths. At some point we have to find a basis for Hilbert space where the lengths, that is the inner products, are digital = quantized and this will depend on the number of dimensions in the space [which are already effectively orthogonal and therefore quantized like the natural numbers; also all inner products of vectors with themselves are normalized to 1]. von Neumann's axioms D and E [pp 45-46] are designed to deal with continua that do not exist in reality but in the mathematical world of analytic imagination. Intermediate value theorem - Wikipedia, von Neumann: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

[page 153]

Holland page 128: In this work we postulate that the Schrödinger picture and the position representation are of special significance since we aim to treat quantum mechanics as a physical theory of the dynamics of particles and waves in space and time . . ..' Seduced by calculus and the continuum. Maybe space and time are also quantized and this is perhaps more easily handled by von Neumann, space with a countable basis. Better for psychological physics / quantum computation.

Symmetry is the key to probability - the principle of no reason, as opposed to broken symmetry where there is a reason, ie loaded dice, meaningful string of symbols.

Ie uncertainty and determinism arise from the gaps between natural numbers and other analogous situations.

The random nature of half-lives (decays etc) means that these processes are symmetric with respect to time, like conservation of energy, conservation of probability, dn/dt = kn

Evil and self-sustaining trajectories of hate polarizing like Hitler and the Jews, Trump and the Mexicans, and all those others who excuse their weakness by violently disparaging other, the death spiral vs life spiral.

Tuesday 12 September 2017

Some of the subroutines of life: nerve transmission, muscle contraction, glucose metabolism, etc ect, thousands of them all genetically encoded.

All quantum events require one quantum of action which we take to be one computation. The energy equivalent to the quantum is measured by the frequency of the spectral line emitted or absorbed by the event [which energy is a count of quanta of action per second]. These frequencies are the eigenvalues of the eigenvectors that represent the relevant transformation, and there vectors are fixed points in the dynamics of the system we are investigating. The fixed points are determined by the need to be consistent with all the relevant constraints imposed by the 'before' and 'after' conditions of the event, such as, for instance, the change of quantum numbers in an atomic transition. A lot of this is determined in the first order by symmetries and the Dirac equation. We might expect that events actually happen when their probability is 1, ie when we have a pure normalized basis state. Dirac equation - Wikipedia

Space-time is the momentum-energy layer of the universe. These also transform in the same way as distance and time. All the fundamental particles are subroutines of the universe. Some, like the photon and the electron need only space-time / momentum energy to exist. Others, like quarks, need a more complex toolkit to be found in baryons and mesons, and so cannot exist outside these systems, they are confined [maybe the fractional electric charge says something about this?].

Pais page 313: 'It should be evident now that Bohr's visions of new physical laws sprang from three rather than two ailments, all diagnosed when electrons made their appearance in small-distance physics: as nuclear constituents, in β decay and in the Klein paradox. Who, in 1929, could have had the wild idea that it would take three new particles, the neutron, the neutrino and the positron, to cure all these diseases?'

The missing processes to complete the low energy personality of the atomic nucleus.

Faced with pure ignorance it is very hard to know which way to turn so the most conservative strategy is to force straight ahead until one sees something clearly enough to motivate a change of course.

Pais page 325: 'In quantum field theory the postulates of special relativity and quantum mechanics are taken over unaltered and brought to a synthesis which perhaps is not yet perfect but which indubitably constitutes

[page 155]

a definite step forward. It is also a theory which has so far not yet yielded to attempts at unifying the axioms of general relativity with those of quantum mechanics [but the Dirac equation looks like a step in the right direction!]'.

Like Mr Trump, I spend a lot of time talking about myself. I am my own microcosm and my self-energy has a lot to do with my own neural network, ie mind, trying to understand itself and using this understanding to fit myself into the rest of the world. One of my principles is symmetry with respect to complexity, so I think of myself and an electron as equally particles moving around the world, coupled to the rest of the world by various communication channels Electrons interact by sharing photons and people interact by sharing, among other things, words. On the internet my principal channel is words and I talk to myself a lot too, which brings me within range of one of the principal problems of physics, the self energy of the electron. Classical physics tells us that the rate of communication of an electron with itself is an inverse function of is size so that if an electron is a particle of zero size then its rate of communication with itself is infinite, and this is understood to give rise to [an infinite frequency and so] infinite energy, which is clearly not the case in reality. We overcome this [sort of] problem in physics by renormaliztion. Can I get anwhere by thinking about the electron problem, (which holds for the self energy of all other point particles) and my own solipsistic conversations. The answer, in my case, is that I use a lot of my energy writing to other people, and if I did not I might become so self-obsessed that I might find myself going a bit mad. The electron problem, I think, and many of the other problems that arise in physics stem from the use of continuous mathematics in which denominators can go to [the limit] zero and the resulting calculations explode to infinity. My solution I call quantization to the core and takes the hint from quantum theory and the theory of communication that all interactions are quantized, so that the smallest available denominator is not zero but a quantum of action [related to zero point energy which is effectively zero because it is an algebraic mix of potential and kinetic energy]. So electrons and I both talk to one another in packets [which we call photons and words] and avoid blowing up to infinity [since the packets are all created by the countable set of computers]. So how do we revise quantum field theory along these lines?

[page 156]

Pais page 330: '. . . Dirac's realization (first exposed to Bohr in 1929) that the scattering of a photon on an electron is not a two-body but an infinitely-many-body problem' Does this make any sense?

'It may fairly be said that the theoretical approach to the structure of matter began its age of maturity with Dirac's two papers published in early 1927.'

I think that my basic problem is that I am too dumb and lazy to confront the full complexity of quantum field theory which motivates me to to to find an easy way around it. This search is supported by the idea that the world did start with a structureless God or initial singularity and the rather baroque vacuum offerd by physics does not seem consistent with that. Also laziness (but connected with intelligence and persistence) has probably been the source of many of the 'labour saving' technological advances that we have made over the centuries. So I suppose I will just go on the way I am, sitting pretty but hoping to find a way to find some face to face theological colleagues.

Wednesday 13 September 2017

From Trinity, Father, Son to electron self energy. Wish it was as simple as in those old days, but why not? We must inquire into the early stages of the' big bang' [the change of state from 1 to 2, ie the onset of orthogonality].

The Cantor universe and the renormalization group.

The installation of computers turns the transfinite universe into a [computable] group.

The effect of the renormalization of the group is to render layers computable despite their transfinite complexity. I see this in myself, which

[page 157]

although transfinite can be studied in terms of computer driven process in my atomic and molecular physiology [and beneath that atomic and nuclear]. The molecules themselves form a subgroup of the human group, and the whole trade of molecular biology is devoted to working our how it all works.

The only thing we can do about the incomputable permutations is to avoid them because if there is an error in a computable process it is most probable that we will be thrown into an incomputable realm if the error is not trapped and corrected [or the packet rejected and a retry requested].

There is probably a whole lot going on in layers between here and the initial singularity at energies that are far too expensive to reach, or maybe not. How can we tell when we are at the bottom? When we get to the [completely symmetric] transfinite group we call the Cantor universe.

These groups are transfinite but not continuous. Every element is a degree of freedom or a dimension and the distinction of events is preserved by permutation, all we are doing is changing the order of the computation processes which may be any computable size. When they are made physical they take time and this adds a new dimension of computational competition since speed and time are one of the essence in the survival game.

Coding required commutative multiplication or at least invertible functions of equal complexity.

Pais page 333: 'The quantum number [nk] of an oscillator is equal to the number of quanta with the corresponding [ν]. Let us have a closer look at this simple yet quite extraordinary remark which opens the door to quantum field theory.'

page 334: In order to find out how the mechanism for creation and annihilation of photons actually works one has to consider the coupling of

[page 158]

quantized radiation to matter [we want to say it is a computation process, ie a deterministic process. Quantum field theory seeks the bounds of determinism (computation) within the indeterministic cosmic process.]

Measurement (ie commnication) picks out a basis vector which is one all of whose coefficients are zero except one, and for that one |c|2 = 1. It is one act of communication. Quantum computating has the same power as formal computers which are equivalent to Turing machines but differently constructed. The Hilbert space / vector / operation system is well suited to execute this computation.

The renormalization group cuts down the cardinality of the transfinite network to 2, which is the generic two state system we use to model quantum computation. We only observe a halted computation whose probability of φφ* . At the same time we can cut our computing machine [down] into a clock that converts action into a superposition of potential and kinetic energy, like a pendulum, adding up to nothing and solving the cosmological constant problem—how? A stationary zero of energy, timeless act as defined by the classical eternal God. So we begin with the empty set ∅, and work from there a la Jech. Jech: Set Theory

Slowly getting the thesis together, using theological methods to solve physical problems in the divine body. Augustine and Aquinas only had a two state model potency and act. Now we call potency the vacuum and particles that emerge from it the act. We start with God and then work through the two state Trinity to the observable world described as a finite computable network within an infinite incomputable space. A computation or proof is equivalent t a line joining hypotheses to conclusions.

Such is the power of position significant-notation . . . that we can use a countably infinite decimal string to represent a real number exactly [in the limit. The positions must be created so that they can be occupied and become significant.].

The linear dynamics of the world are represented by quantum

[page 159]

mechanics, which is entirely built around the length and phase of a normalized vector or ray in [complex] Hilbert space. All the data in a Hilbert space is angle data which is the conjugate of the quantum of action.

A development which is receiving much attention these days is devising methods to wring more pleasure and excitement out of sexuality, exploring wider domains of sexual behaviour. The boundary on this is an amalgam of knowledge and consent which is frequently abused by the exploitation of poor people. A large part of internet bandwidth is devoted to sharing sexual media, images, videos, music and so on.

Thursday 14 September 2017
Pais page 361: 'It is the main aim of this chapter to describe how these infinites came to be diagnosed and how theorists responded to what fairly be called a new crisis: how to cope wiht a theory that works well approximately but makes no sense rigorously. As Pauli put it during a seminar given in Princeton: "Success seems to have been on the side of Dirac rather than of logic".'

Heisenberg 1935: 'In regard to quantum electrodynamics we are still at the stage in which we were in 1932 with regard to quantum mechanics. We know that everything is wrong, But in order to find the direction in which we should depart from what prevails we must know the consequences of the prevailing formalism much better than we do [more decoding the formalism].'

We would like quantum field theory to work at all scales, so that it must have such classical elements are are present in ordinary human relations. The hope is that transfinite network theory will be wide enough to embrace this ambition [very complex Feynman diagrams applied to human relations].

Pais page 371: '. . . in all [Einstein's] strivings toward a unified field

[page 160]

theory, the search for stable particle-like solutions of field equations remained forever one of his dominant concerns.'

What is an equation? a proven link, a connection, a substitution.

Every new bond in the structure of the world is a new communication channel, carrying one of the four generic forces in a new application.

Pais 418: 'The neutrino . . . is described by a four component field which satisfies the Dirac equation.'

I was very interested in physics at school but the theological interlude after school carried me off into metaphysical realms. I am now back thinking about physics as God's body, which we might call mathematics (ie logic) made flesh on the guess that the fixed points in the divine dynamics are computably connected to one another. So the computable permutations in the transfinite network form the stable background or skeleton of the universe upon which all its more intelligent, soft, moist and creative tissues are organized.

In quantum mechanics each communication channel is represented by a matrix element [or conjugate pair of elements].

Pais page 428: Heisenberg: "The problem of elementary particles is a mathematical one, it is simply a question of how to construct a non-linear relativistically invariant quantized wave equation without any fundamental constants."

page 463: '. . . the theory of photons and electrons . . . cannot predict the electron's mass regardless of the renormalization issue simply because m is its own mass scale. m is therefore as

[page 161]

uncalculable in the theory as Planck's ℏ constant in quantum theory or the light velocity c in relativity.

Pais page 463: The world of photons and electrons does contain the scale √hc for the electron charge e. Should one therefore assume to predict the dimensionless numbe α2 =e / hc, the current value of which is α−1 = 137.035963(15) ?'

page 464: Beginning with O(α2) one finds in the guts of the radiative corrections contributions from all species of charged particles in the physical world.'

That is a complete network embracing all computable transformations.

Friday 15 September 2017

Pais page 624: Pogo: "We are faced with insurmountable opportunities."

Zee page 3: 'In quantum mechanics the uncertainty principle tells us that the energy can fluctuate wildly over a short period of time.' ΔEΔt ≈ ℏ/2π. Is this a valid interpretation of the formalism? From the formal point of view, the fact that events are measured by an integer nh means that there are gaps between n and (n + 1), just as there are gaps between the natural numbers 0, 1, 2, . . . Is this gap really a dynamical principle? It is made to appear so by the fiction that the world is described by real numbers rather than integers.

'With quantum mechanics and special relativity the wildly fluctuating energy can metamorphose into mass, that is into new particles not previously present.' Or perhaps we have the creation of equal amounts of potential (formal) and kinetic energy which execute a process whose halted state is [fixed point,] a particle.

[page 162]

Zee page 7: '. . . the path integral formalism offers a particularly convenient way of going from quantum mechanics to quantum field theory.'

There are many human activities like cooking and organizing a trip to the moon which oblige us to follow defined procedures. Insofar as we are following designed procedure, we are acting like automatons. The difference between a human worker and an automaton is that the human is operating in a much larger space, human space, not Turing space. This larger space is the source of human creativity as it is the source of cosmic creativity. So we want to explain the information theoretic side of harnessing creativity in a way that connects us all to the divine reality, on the principle that if we are feeding from the same nipple we have something in common whose exploitation can be maximized by a judicious mix of competition and cooperation, something to be optimized by the action of the evolutionary paradigm, countable resources constructing an uncountable space.

The world is psychological, made of distinct events which can best be understood by modelling them as a computer network. The actual network is invisible, but we see its inputs and outputs, the observable world. We kick the ball, it flies toward the goal, but the keeper interrupts it. An enormously complex yet infinitesimally small part of the overall functioning of the cosmos. Everything is done by [quantum] jumps which can be represented by truth tables. Some organizations of logical jumps come to exist in preference to others depending o their reproduction and resistance to noise. The only things we can observe are logical jumps, is discrete events [modelled as mathematical symbols]. There is nothing to be seen between events, but we can speculate. So far the dominant method of speculation has been continuous mathematics. Here we go a bit deeper and consider the logical foundation of this apparently continuous motion and realize that the continuity we see is the law of large

[page 163]

numbers reflecting on a large set of discrete logical operations tht make the system go, driven by action, energy and entropy.

Evolution breaks the symmetries of the completely symmetric group of completely symmetries groups of . . .. They are all linked by computability. Computable processes can outperform random ones. How do we prove this, which is the evolutionary foundation of complexification [computables can reproduce themselves, a formal structure like a Platonic form, computable function, eigenvector].

What quantum mechanics means is a model of the universe conceived as a network whose links carry various symbols at various rates [which obey certain symmetries].

A computational interpretation of Feynman's path integral formulation. Feynman & Hibbs: Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals

Saturday 16 September 2017

Consistency requires that one fermion annihilates before another takes its place. Bosons, on the other hand, can occupy the same place. What is place? An Aristotelian question. For us an address in space-time, which is a relationship established by a communication link. Henry Mendell (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): Place and continuity of Magnitudes in Physics iv and v

In a way the wave function is itself a boson, able to superpose linearly, but the elements of the superposition are distinguished by different phases and frequencies, adding like a Fourier integral. Fourier analysis - Wikipedia

The purpose of theology is to generate a consistent view of the world to serve as a fixed skeleton, rooted in God, to guide us toward peace and survival. This requires that we understand the boundaries on imagination made flesh, which boundaries are defined by computability which is a word for do-ability, which means playing our cards as a species so that we do not lose the layers that support us, in effect curating the planets and controlling activities that compromise our lives [or any life].

[page 164]

le Carré: Panama There is truth and there is falsehood. The truth is self consistent, the falsehood is not. le Carré: The Tailor of Panama

What we are lacking, I think, is a clear mathematical model of the advantages of cooperation (entanglement) over solipsism, fascism, monarchy and all other manifestations of thought control which tend to reduce the entropy and adaptability of the community. We seek the adoption of a church broad enough to represent the full symmetry of humanity, which is reduced by every act of violence, every error in the application of human rights. And I think I am looking for clues to this theological statement by observing the behaviour of the simple layers of the embodied algorithm which have evolved very early in the emergence of the World from God.

The beauty of writing, like imagination, is that we can go beyond the bounds of current practicality to explore the possibilties that arise when we revise our views of what we can do or not do, when we decide between cooperation and 'me first'. The aim (impossible but worth a try) is to produce a mathematical picture that can describe everything from elementary particles to the Universe as a whole. What I see at the moment follows from two axioms:

(1) All the permutations of the Cantor universe are possible; and

(2) The definite correlations in the world are maintainted by computers, that is algorithms that logically connect questions and answers.

We implement these algorithms with the transfinite network. We imagine a network of possibilities, each modelled by a permutation, some of the permutations being computable. We can to some degree control the incomputable permutations by computable means, subject to the principle of requisite variety [so quantum mechanics goes to the computable limit what is beyond the computable limit is a distribution].

Quantum field theory sees the uncertainty principle [implemented in the vacuum] as a source of particles, ie messages. Really, however, it is simply the property of deterministic formalism, that is [symbolic] computability.

le Carre 434: 'Otherwise is had been an uneventful journey that gave him time to fine-tune his plan because, as Osnard had drummed into him in the training sessions, time spent on preparation is never time wasted, the great trick being to look at a clandestine operation from the point of view of everybody who was going to take part in it and ask yourself what does he do? what does she do? where does everyone go when it is over? and so on.'

Political philosophy is not just the formal philosophy of politics, but also a exploration of the powers and possibilities of politics by introducing new protocols for human interaction like learned societies, the nucleus of human development. People who explain and defend various actions based on their best efforts to understand how the world works, drug designers and the designers of our energy economy. So let us look at the energy economy of the Universe.

1. Conseration of energy. What coupling does this? Gravitation [the flattest possible 4-D space?].

We develop the model and apply it to gravitation, a la Dirac . . . PAM Dirac: The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation

An interpretation of the Dirac equation, the skeleton of 4-space.

A perception of sin has encouraged me to think about my intellectual career from the rime i learnt that auto-eroticism is a sin that can condemn you to an eternity of excruciating pain in hell, the pain of being burned without being consumed, the pain modelled by the Holy Inquisition. Digging into my microcosm

[page 166]

I am always interested in the nature and motions of my creative intelligence, a trait which I share with every other image of God in my universe, the divine light if intellect revealed on a psychological model of the world where we tend to ignore geometric continuity. My writing gets shakier as I get more excited by the possibility of modelling intellect by the transfinite computer network [if that is not big enough, what is?]. Our phase space is this structure. The Cantor universe is a phase space which can be represented by a Hilbert space. The big ask is the transformation between Hilbert space and 4-space and we would like the network could model it. Veltman; Ie there is a layer where they are identical and in the next layer they are split into two applications, 4-space and quantum mechanics. The link between 4-space and Hilbert space, ie between relativity and quantum mechanics lies in this bifurcation (one would like to think). Veltman: Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, page 21

. . .

The philosophy become political when I become convinced that it is worth examination to see if it has good and bad points and suggests ideas for the peaceful self management of human communities, since anything other than self management is management for profit by some sort of oligarchy. I take myself seriously which I why I press on. The root of faith is self and the branches are connections to others. I want to climb out of the depths of accusation (I am an original sinner) to the plain of self-respect, no longer an intellectual scammer pushing an impossible dream but now with glimpses of how to make the dream come true by learning to fly.

[page 167]

. . .

Deception takes place in the noosphere with false assertions.

The simplest quantum jumps are from 0 to +1 or −1, from n to n±1, which we call number states, the states of bosons in the quantum harmonic oscillator (Feynman). Feynman, Leighton & Sands FLP III:04: Identical Particles

Building theology on reality rather than acient books.

We imagine the transfinite network as a forma mathematical system and then study the constraints placed upon it by space-time computability,

Veltman page 15: '. . . we do not postulate commutation rules but we postulate the a particle of well defined momentum and energy is described by a plane wave.' a complex exponential.

'The additional quantum mechanical concept is superposition. It is borrowed from the wave theory of light. If we say that light is made up from photons, then we must identify the intensity of light (which is proportional to the square of the amplitude) at some point with the probability to detect a photon at that point.'

Veltman page 21: 'To every Lorentz transformation, or more generally, a poincare transformation corresponds a transformation in Hilbert space. Since we want physics to be unique we will insist that this is a one-one correspondence.

We identify survivability and computability, an effective plan.

page 33: A vector in Hilbert space represents a physical state. What is a physical state? A physical state is a possible physical situation

[page 168]

with particles moving here and there, with collisions, dogs chasing cats, with people living and dying. With all sorts of things happening. Often people make the mistake of identifying a physical state with the situation at a given moment, one picture fro a movie. The situation at some moment may be seen as a boundary condition: if one knows the whole situation at some moment, and one knows the laws of nature, then in principle we can deduce the rest.

How long does it take a measured system to conform to the language of the measurer, ie find the same basis s that they can communicate in the same basis?

An idea is looking good and I get excited. Feynman talks about particles sniffing out favourable transitions by integrating the phases along all possible paths, getting hints along the way by finding stretches f the route where the phases are in synch and the probability of being near or on the optimum path begins to rise. Like many other non-deterministic processes, like horse racing, we can study the form and lower the entropy of the race by assigning different probabilities to the participants. Then the excitment does down if the trip does not come off.

Survival, food, security and reproduction.

Bohr calculating the Rydeberg constant. We can establish numerical dependencies between charge, distance, acceleration, angular momentum, orbital energy etc and arrive at a first estimate of many atomic properties, as Bohr did, and the old quantum mechanics set the scene for the new quantum mechanics [Bohr's big breakthrough was the stationary non-radiating electronic state, contradicting classical electrodynamics]. Rydberg constant - Wikipedia

Cantor universe is my phase space
All interactions are managed by computers (computation)

Noise protection: a ship must be capable of weathering the maximum

[page 169]

storm it is likely to meet on its trip. A constitution must be able to protect itself against being upset by autocrats. How much of a beating can the Trumpists give the world before it succumbs? He has no hope really, but there are plenty of dictators about energized by a corrupt monetary system. Perhaps we should model the [financial] network on the flows of value using the general theory of relativity.

The size of the group is governed by the power of the computer that drives it, so we an start at the bottom with the circle group and energy and build the Universe u from there, coming to transfinite groups like me, insofar as all my actions are part of me, there is no going outside myself. The circle group is a complex clock cycling between complex potential and real positive definite kinetic energy. Why is potential complex? Someone has to be if we are going to have a duality. All we need to define a duality is the equation not-p not equal to p.

. . .

So we are all gods, but what do gods do? 1. treat each other as equals, unlike Yahweh, who demanded to be top dog. Yahweh - Wikipedia

The initial singularity had no structure yet it had the nous to become the world and we assumes that at some scale the world still has no structure locally, in other words every point in the world is inside the initial singularity bounded only by inconsistency and free to do anything consistent with that bound. The Cantor Universe defined non-constructively gives a measure of the possibilities within the bound of consistency.

When we fit the transfinite network with computers it behaves like quantum mechanics ?

Theological consultancy. The Universe is a product of the symmetry

[page 170]

of the initial singularity. Peaceful society derives from the symmetry of humanity, which is expressed somewhere in the transfinite network. All sounds a bit metaphysical, but many thousands of years of theology show that digging down to perfect simplicity and perfect consistency is the only way to get to the root of the matter. Love that word root. My logical dream, the first element of the file / algorithm structure of the universal computer.

How can the vacuum be so deterministic if it is the product of pure fluctuation when we take to mean random permutation of coupled processes. The universe is a non-stop foolproof machine because it can always use its inherent symmetries to detect and correct errors: that one does not fit.

For uncertain processes the algorithm has nevertheless to be right so that when it runs error free it will do what it was designed to do. It does not matter is is takes my five goes to strike a match as long as I get the fire in the end. Many activities take at least a few and often very many tries to get them right and execute the algorithm without error.

Politics is basically money vs science, insofar as the money sees the science as curbing its freedom and the science sees the money destroying our life support system [they are also closely coupled because every product needs at least some science to actually work].

We compute the energy levels of particles trapped in potential wells to a first order with quantum mechanics at low energy. Another form of potential well is logical potential, the sort of force generated by a codec which establishes communication between states, so we can imagine the logical confinement within the initial singularity would generate complexity levels consistent with Cantor's proof that every set generates a bigger set. This is consistent with fixed point theory which I presume yields a new fixed point for every mapping, and there are 1 mappings of a set of 0 to itself.

[page 171]

Where does the coupling constant of gravitation come from, mapping between information transfer and energy transfer. Electromagnetic force is about 40 orders of magnitude stronger and perhaps the first force to come into existence after gravitation - all energy, no information, no modulation. But what about gravity waves? Gravitational-wave observatory - Wikipedia

Göel and Turing tells us that logical confinement is broken There us a limit to how far computers can o, As we keep saying, there are only 0 of them and 1 mappings of the natural numbers to themselves, so almost all of these mappings are not computable, yet the computable systems have brought s to his magnificently complex structure. Is the advantage of computable functions over non-computable functions responsible for the difference between gravitational and electromagnetic coupling constants?

I was a computer for a while at Geosurveys, and a very poor draftsperson, rather impasto in my contour colouring because I let things get too dark too soon

Creation: the escape from logical confinement; tunnelling. We look for logic behind the numbers.

We can map a transfinite hierarchy of Hilbert spaces onto the transfinite network as long as we choose an upper bound. So in a way we start each layer of physics / psychology with a permutation group and then explore why and how only certain subgroups of the symmetric group are chosen for implementation.

Map quantum mechanics onto a network in a way that it computes the traffic between nodes (solutions to the wave equation) across a possibly infinite spectrum. Think physically to give meaning to the mathematics.

[page 172]

A bifurcation: time → space-time, the generation of fixed points, stationary points, outside time ie formal, eternal, zero energy. We couple clock to processes to keep them in synch, like deliveries to a building site.

We like the fundamental trinity of communication, the atom of the network, two fermions and a stream of bosons between them.

How do we go from logic to numbers? Count the acts of logic at one quantum of action each.

Electron annihilates photon, absorbs action and energy and jumps to a new energy level with another quantum of angular momentum. Angular momentum is the rate of rotation of phase in the Hilbert space.

We need philosophical assistance to decode the mathematics of quantum theory [the foundation of which there is no information in a real continuum, no marks].

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Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Burgess, Anthony, Here Comes Everybody: An Introduction to James Joyce for the Ordinary Reader, Hamlyn Paperbacks 1982 Foreword to revised edition: 'My book does not pretend to scholarship, only to a desire to help the average reader who ... sees all his works available in aperback and is scared more of their content than their price. The appearance of diffuclty is part of Joyce's big joke; the profundities are usually expressed in good round Dublin terms; Joyce's heroes are humble men. If there was ever a writer for the people, Joyce was that writer. But there is need for the kind of pilot-commentary I attempt to provide. After nearly fifty years of reading Joyce, it seems only right that I should pass on what I have learned of his methods to those who come fresh to his riches.' 
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Christie, Agatha, Death Comes as the End, HarperCollins 2001 Amazon customer review: "An ancient setting. An age-old crime. A timeless mystery." 'I have read everything Agatha Christie has ever written, and i think this one is definitely the best. Even such masterpieces as Murder on the Orient Express, Towards Zero, Murder in Mesopotamia and Ordeal by Innocence pale in comparison with this brilliant piece of writing. With this book, she outdoes Paul Doherty and Ellis Peters at their own game with just a single blow. The characters are great, the plot is great, the setting is the most interesting ever. This is her best novel. It's nothing short of fabulous.' A reader, 15 Dec 2001. 
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Deighton, Len, Only When I Laugh, # Mysterious Press 1987 Amazon Editorial Review: From Publishers Weekly Originally published in England in 1968, this early Deighton novel is set not in his familiar espionage milieu but in the world of international con artists. As caper novels go, it is entertaining, even cute at times, but it is far less than what Deighton fans expect from the author of such bestsellers as The Ipcress File, SS-GB and Berlin Game. Told in alternating chapters by the three members of the con teamSilas, Liz and Bobthe book recounts the trio's exploits, first in New York as they bilk a pair of businessmen and later in their London home base where they launch an ill-fated scheme to sell phony arms to a small African nation. The repartee among the three is as much a part of plot as are the details of the "stings." Bob's ambition to become the ringleader, as well as to separate Liz from Silas, leads to a final operation in Beirut. Clever and not without charm, the book is nonetheless unpolished and lightweight compared to Deighton's best. 50,000 first printing; 35,000 ad/promo. Copyright 1987 Reed Business Information, Inc.  
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Feynman, Richard P, and Robert B Leighton, Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (volume 3) : Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley 1970 Foreword: 'This set of lectures tries to elucidate from the beginning those features of quantum mechanics which are the most basic and the most general. . . . In each instance the ideas are introduced together with a detailed discussion of some specific examples - to try to make the physical ideas as real as possible.' Matthew Sands 
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Feynman, Richard P, and Albert P Hibbs, Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals, McGraw Hill 1965 Preface: 'The fundamental physical and mathematical concepts which underlie the path integral approach were first developed by R P Feynman in the course of his graduate studies at Princeton, ... . These early inquiries were involved with the problem of the infinte self-energy of the electron. In working on that problem, a "least action" principle was discovered [which] could deal succesfully with the infinity arising in the application of classical electrodynamics.' As described in this book. Feynam, inspired by Dirac, went on the develop this insight into a fruitful source of solutions to many quantum mechanical problems.  
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Feynman, Richard, QED: The Strange Story of Light and Matter, Princeton UP 1988 Jacket: 'Quantum electrodynamics - or QED for short - is the 'strange theory' that explains how light and electrons interact. Thanks to Richard Feynmann and his colleagues, it is also one of the rare parts of physics that is known for sure, a theory that has stood the test of time. . . . In this beautifully lucid set of lectures he provides a definitive introduction to QED.' 
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Hallett, Michael, Cantorian Set Theory and Limitation of Size, Oxford UP 1984 Jacket: 'This book will be of use to a wide audience, from beginning students of set theory (who can gain from it a sense of how the subject reached its present form), to mathematical set theorists (who will find an expert guide to the early literature), and for anyone concerned with the philosophy of mathematics (who will be interested by the extensive and perceptive discussion of the set concept).' Daniel Isaacson. 
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Holland, Peter R, The Quantum Theory of Motion: An Account of the de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press 1993 Jacket: 'This book presents the first comprehensive exposition of the interpretation of quantum mechanics pioneered by Louis de Broglie and David Bohm. . . . Developing the theme that a material system such as an electron is guided by a surrounding quantum wave, a detailed examination of the classic phenomena of quantum theory is presented . . . The theory provides a novel and satisfactory framework for analysing the classical limit of quantum mechanics and Heisenberg's relations, and implies a theory of measurement without wavefunction collapse. It also suggests a strikingly novel view of relativistic quantum theory, including the Dirac equation, quantum field theory and the wavefunction of the universe.' 
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Jackson, Roger, and Roger Makransky (editors), Buddhist Theology: Critical reflections by contemporary Buddhist Scholars, Curzon Press 1999 Jacket: 'This volume is the expression of a new development in the academic study of Buddhism: scholars of Buddhism, themselves Buddhist, who seek to apply the critical tools of the academy to reassess the truth and transformative value of their tradition in its relevance to the modern world.' 
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Jech, Thomas, Set Theory, Springer 1997 Jacket: 'This book covers major areas of modern set theory: cardinal arithmetic, constructible sets, forcing and Boolean-valued models, large cardinals and descriptive set theory. . . . It can be used as a textbook for a graduate course in set theory and can serve as a reference book.' 
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Khinchin, Aleksandr Yakovlevich, Mathematical Foundations of Information Theory (translated by P A Silvermann and M D Friedman), Dover 1957 Jacket: 'The first comprehensive introduction to information theory, this book places the work begun by Shannon and continued by McMillan, Feinstein and Khinchin on a rigorous mathematical basis. For the first time, mathematicians, statisticians, physicists, cyberneticists and communications engineers are offered a lucid, comprehensive introduction to this rapidly growing field.' 
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le Carre, John, The Tailor of Panama, Hodder and Stoughton 1997 Jacket: 'Harry Pendel is the charismatic proprietor of Pendel and Braithwaite Limited of Panama, through whose doors everyone who is anyone in Central America passes. Andrew Osnard, mysterious and fleshly, is a spy. His secret mission is two pronged: to keep a watchful eye on the political manoeuvrings leading up to the American handover of the Panama Canal on 31st December 1999, and to secure for himself the immense private fortune that had until now churlishly eluded him.' 
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Misner, Charles W, and Kip S Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation, Freeman 1973 Jacket: 'Einstein's description of gravitation as curvature of spacetime led directly to that greatest of all predictions of his theory, that the universe itself is dynamic. Physics still has far to go to come to terms with this amazing fact and what it means for man and his relation to the universe. John Archibald Wheeler. . . . this is a book on Einstein's theory of gravity. . . . ' 
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Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein, Pocket 2004  
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Shelley, Mary Wollstoncraft, and Johanna M Smith (editor), Frankenstein: Complete, Authoritative Text With Biographical, Historical, and Cultural Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Contemporary Critical (Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism), Palgrave MacMillan 2000  
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Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, The Story of Spin, University of Chicago Press 1997 Jacket: 'The Story of Spin, as told by Sin-itiro Tomonaga and lovingly translated by Takeshi Oka, is a brilliant and witty account of the development of modern quantum theory, which takes electron spin as a pivotal concept. Reading these twelve lectures on the fundamental aspects of physics is a joyful experience that is rare indeed.' Laurie Brown, Northwestern University. 
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Veltman, Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. ...' 
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von Neumann, John, and Robert T Beyer (translator), Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press 1983 Jacket: '. . . a revolutionary book that caused a sea change in theoretical physics. . . . JvN begins by presenting the theory of Hermitean operators and Hilbert spaces. These provide the framework for transformation theory, which JvN regards as the definitive form of quantum mechanics. . . . Regarded as a tour de force at the time of its publication, this book is still indispensable for those interested in the fundamental issues of quantum mechanics.' 
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Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press 1996 The classic founding text of cybernetics. 
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Papers
Shannon, Claude E, "Communication in the Presence of Noise", Proceedings of the IEEE, 86, 2, February 1998, page 447-457. Reprint of Shannon, Claude E. "Communication in the Presence of Noise." Proceedings of the IEEE, 37 (January 1949) : 10-21. 'A method is developed for representing any communication system geometrically. Messages and the corresponding signals are points in two function spaces, and the modulation process is a mapping of one space into the other. Using this representation, a number of results in communication theory are deduced concerning expansion and compression of bandwidth and the threshold effect. Formulas are found for the maximum rate of transmission of binary digits over a system when the signal is perturbed by various types of noise. Some of the properties of "ideal" systems which transmit this maximum rate are discussed. The equivalent number of binary digits per second of certain information sources is calculated.' . back
Turing, Alan, "On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2, 42, 12 November 1937, page 230-265. 'The "computable" numbers maybe described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost as easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integrable variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique. I hope shortly to give an account of the rewlations of the computable numbers, functions and so forth to one another. This will include a development of the theory of functions of a real variable expressed in terms of computable numbers. According to my definition, a number is computable if its decimal can be written down by a machine'. back
Links
Anne Applebaum, All the worst lies about Brexit are about to be revealed, 'During the referendum last year, politicians advocating their country’s departure from the European Union gave some specific assurances. Some derived from ignorance; as it turned out, few of them really understood how the E.U. works. Others were lies, which they knew to be lies at the time. Because they didn’t expect to win that campaign, they didn’t expect either their ignorance or their dishonesty to be revealed. But then they won — and now it’s happening.' back
Aquinas 113, Summa I, 18, 3: Is life properly attributed to God?, Life is in the highest degree properly in God. In proof of which it must be considered that since a thing is said to live in so far as it operates of itself and not as moved by another, the more perfectly this power is found in anything, the more perfect is the life of that thing. ' back
Aquinas 45, Whether this is a good definition of eternity, "The simultaneously-whole and perfect possession of interminable life"., I answer that, As we attain to the knowledge of simple things by way of compound things, so must we reach to the knowledge of eternity by means of time, which is nothing but the numbering of movement by "before" and "after". For since succession occurs in every movement, and one part comes after another, the fact that we reckon before and after in movement, makes us apprehend time, which is nothing else but the measure of before and after in movement. Now in a thing bereft of movement, which is always the same, there is no before or after. As therefore the idea of time consists in the numbering of before and after in movement; so likewise in the apprehension of the uniformity of what is outside of movement, consists the idea of eternity. Further, those things are said to be measured by time which have a beginning and an end in time, because in everything which is moved there is a beginning, and there is an end. But as whatever is wholly immutable can have no succession, so it has no beginning, and no end. Thus eternity is known from two sources: first, because what is eternal is interminable--that is, has no beginning nor end (that is, no term either way); secondly, because eternity has no succession, being simultaneously whole. back
Arno Michaelis, Reflections of a former white supremacist, 'But no matter how much I drank, how loud the white power music was cranked, how many other disgruntled white kids I managed to surround myself with, or how much blood I spilled, the sublime power of human kinship prevailed, leading me from a world consumed by hate and violence to one firmly set in the basic goodness of human existence.' back
Charles Davis, The 'war on terror' has won, 'Terrorism is a useful foe. Wars against it need not be declared, and combatants need not be defined. Traditional warfare, with a uniformed opponent, brings with it the not always avoidable bureaucracy of international law; lawyers saying you can't shoot this or that. No conflict is outside the law, at least on paper. However, an amorphous tactic can't file a petition at The Hague, and when every power of note is on the same page with respect to the need to kill shadowy non-state actors, extrajudicially, it's smart statecraft to adopt the rubric of the war on terror, with modern flourishes.' back
David Bohm, A Suggested Reinterpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden Variables" I, 'The usual interpretation of the quantum theory is self-consistent, but it involves an assumption that cannot be tested experimentally, viz., that the most complete possible specification of an individual system is in terms of a wave function that determines only probable results of actual measurement processes. The only way of investigating the truth of this assumption is by trying to find some other interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of at present "hidden" variables, which in principle determine the precise behavior of an individual system, but which are in practice averaged over in measurements of the types that can now be carried out. In this paper and in a subsequent paper, an interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of just such "hidden" variables is suggested. . . . ' back
Dirac equation - Wikipedia, Dirac equation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1⁄2 massive particles such as electrons and quarks, for which parity is a symmetry, and is consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity, and was the first theory to account fully for special relativity in the context of quantum mechanics. It accounted for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way.' back
Eugene McCarraher, The West Point of Capitalism: 'The Golden Passport', 'Alas, during the Vietnam War, the Whiz Kid mutated into an unindicted war criminal. In his seven-year stint at the helm of the war machine, McNamara supervised a carnage that claimed the lives of nearly sixty thousand Americans and millions of Vietnamese, a mass production of death and dispossession facilitated by the methods he learned at HBS. So was there really such a great metamorphosis? In his penetrating chapter on McNamara, McDonald attributes the war’s ferocious futility to the data-driven nescience of “slide-rule commandos.” Oblivious to the elusive or unmeasureable—commitment, tenacity, or intrepidness, especially on the part of the Vietnamese—McNamara and his fellow technocrats of slaughter thought of war as a venture in statistical analysis, not unlike marketing at Ford. McNamara’s career is a chilling portfolio of the prosaic nihilism of managerial rationality, one he tried to make amends for later in life, admitting that the war was “wrong, terribly wrong.” ' back
Execution by burning - Wikipedia, Execution by burning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Execution by burning has a long history as a method of punishment for crimes such as treason, heresy and witchcraft (burning, however, was actually less common than hanging, pressing, or drowning as a punishment for witchcraft). For a number of reasons, this method of execution fell into disfavor among governments in the late 18th century; today, it is considered cruel and unusual punishment[1]. The particular form of execution by burning in which the condemned is bound to a large stake is more commonly called burning at the stake.' back
Feynman, Leighton & Sands FLP III:04, Chapter 4: Identical Particles, 'In the last chapter we began to consider the special rules for the interference that occurs in processes with two identical particles. By identical particles we mean things like electrons which can in no way be distinguished one from another. If a process involves two particles that are identical, reversing which one arrives at a counter is an alternative which cannot be distinguished and—like all cases of alternatives which cannot be distinguished—interferes with the original, unexchanged case. The amplitude for an event is then the sum of the two interfering amplitudes; but, interestingly enough, the interference is in some cases with the same phase and, in others, with the opposite phase.' back
Fourier analysis - Wikipedia, Fourier analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In mathematics, Fourier analysis (English: /ˈfʊərieɪ/) is the study of the way general functions may be represented or approximated by sums of simpler trigonometric functions. Fourier analysis grew from the study of Fourier series, and is named after Joseph Fourier, who showed that representing a function as a sum of trigonometric functions greatly simplifies the study of heat transfer. Today, the subject of Fourier analysis encompasses a vast spectrum of mathematics. In the sciences and engineering, the process of decomposing a function into oscillatory components is often called Fourier analysis, while the operation of rebuilding the function from these pieces is known as Fourier synthesis.' back
Giuseppe Forino, Jason von Meding and Thomas Johnson, Religion is not the only reason Rohingyas are being forced out of Myanmar, back
Gravitational-wave observatory - Wikipedia, Gravitational-wave observatory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'A gravitational-wave observatory (or gravitational-wave detector) is any device designed to measure gravitational waves, tiny distortions of spacetime that were first predicted by Einstein in 1916.[1] Gravitational waves are perturbations in the theoretical curvature of spacetime caused by accelerated masses. The existence of gravitational radiation is a specific prediction of general relativity, but is a feature of all theories of gravity that obey special relativity.' back
Guy Kelly, The scary effects of pornography: how the 21st century's acute addiction is rewiring our brains, 'Today, it is believed the online porn sector is worth around $15 billion, and it reaches more people, and younger people, every year. In 2016 the analytics report of just one website, Pornhub, revealed that its videos were watched 92 billion times last year, by 64 million daily visitors. It works out at 12.5 videos for every person on the planet, and if you tried watch all of them consecutively – don’t – you’d be busy for 524,641 years.' back
Hannah Rosin, Fake News: It's as American as George Washington's Cherry Tree, 'Fake news. Post-truth. Alternative facts. For Andersen, these are not momentary perversions but habits baked into our DNA, the ultimate expressions of attitudes “that have made America exceptional for its entire history.” The country’s initial devotion to religious and intellectual freedom, Andersen argues, has over the centuries morphed into a fierce entitlement to custom-made reality. So your right to believe in angels and your neighbor’s right to believe in U.F.O.s and Rachel Dolezal’s right to believe she is black lead naturally to our president’s right to insist that his crowds were bigger.' back
Henry Mendell (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Place and continuity of Magnitudes in Physics iv and v, ' In Physics iv.1-5 Aristotle distinguishes four notions as candidates for place. Each is understood in terms of a contained or containing body and in terms of either the limit (shape or form) of a magnitude or the extension within the limit of the magnitude: the extension of the magnitude of the contained body (this is the matter of the magnitude); the extension between the inner limit of the containing body (Aristotle argues that this is a fiction); the limit of the contained body (this is the form, i.e., shape, of the contained body); the inner limit of the containing body (Aristotle argues that this is place).' back
Intermediate value theorem - Wikipedia, Intermediate value theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In mathematical analysis, the intermediate value theorem states that if a continuous function, f, with an interval, [a, b], as its domain, takes values f(a) and f(b) at each end of the interval, then it also takes any value between f(a) and f(b) at some point within the interval. This has two important corollaries: If a continuous function has values of opposite sign inside an interval, then it has a root in that interval (Bolzano's theorem).[1] The image of a continuous function over an interval is itself an interval.' back
Jean Zinn-Justin, Critical phenomena: field theoretical approach, 'Continuous phase transitions display, near the critical temperature, remarkable universal (i.e., independent of the specific system within a wide class of systems) macroscopic or large distance properties. Renormalization group methods allow understanding the origin of universality as well as calculating universal quantities. Universality of the large distance behaviour is then related to fixed points of the renormalization group flow.' back
NASA Cassini, 100 Images of Saturn, back
P A M Dirac, The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A114, 243 (1927). 'Introduction and Summary. The new quantum theory, based on the assumption that the dynamical variables do not obey the commutative law of multiplication, has by now been developed sufficiently to form a fairly complete theory of dynamics. One can treat mathematically the problem of any dynamical system composed of a number of particles with instantaneous forces acting between them, provided it is describable by a Hamiltonian function, and one can interpret the mathematics physically by a quite definite general method. On the other hand, hardly anything has been done up to the present on quantum electrodynamics. . . . ' back
P A M Dirac, The Quantum Theory of Dispersion, back
PAM Dirac, The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation, back
Rydberg constant - Wikipedia, Rydberg constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Rydberg constant, symbol R∞ for heavy atoms or RH for hydrogen, named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, is a physical constant relating to atomic spectra, in the science of spectroscopy. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series, but Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants, explaining the relationship via his "Bohr model". As of 2012, R∞ and electron spin g-factor are the most accurately measured fundamental physical constants.' back
Yahweh - Wikipedia, Yahweh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Yahweh (Hebrew: יהוה‎) was the national god of the Iron Age kingdoms of Israel (Samaria) and Judah. His exact origins are disputed, although they reach back to the early Iron Age and even the Late Bronze his name may have begun as an epithet of El, head of the Bronze Age Canaanite pantheon, but the earliest plausible mentions are in Egyptian texts that place him among the nomads of the southern Transjordan' back

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