Notes
Sunday 7 February 2021 - Saturday 13 February 2021
[Notebook: DB 86: Hilbert / Minkowski]
[page 36]
Sunday 7 February 2021
Preface [quantum-theology.net] Feynman and Einstein. A history of politics seems to boil down to a history of wars. A history of culture, similarly compressed, seems to boil down to a history of remarkable individuals who began with unique views of the world which grew to enter the mainstream [eg Jesus of Nazareth]. In time I will attempt to explain this phenomenon with the network structure of our brains, but I begin with two individuals, [Albert Einstein and Richard Feynman]
Einstein began by imagining what it would be like to travel alongside a light beam. Maxwell's equations explain why light travels at the speed of light. Galileo supposed that regardless of their velocity, two system travelling alongside one another at the same speed would appear stationary to one another. Einstein's special theory of relativity, however, accommodates the fact that no matter how fast one travels next to a beam of light, the light still appears to be travelling at the velocity of light. His 1905 paper, the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies introduces the Lorentz transformation to explain why this is so. Ten years
[page 57]
later, after exhausting effort, he produced the general theory of relativity. Einstein's theories of relativity were born full grown and remain perfect a century later. John D. Norton: Chasing a Beam of Light: Einstein's Most Famous Thought Experiment
Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, one hundred and twenty years after its birth, remains problematic. A long line of remarkable individuals, Kirchoff, Planck, Einstein (again), Bohr, De Broglie, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, von Neumann, Feynman (not to mention thousands not so well known) have contributed to its present state. Here I concentrate on Feynan who contributed what has become almost the standard methodology in Quantum Field Theory [QFT, the proposed reconciliation of relativity and quantum theory]. History of quantum mechanics - Wikipedia
Einstein was given a Nobel prize not for his relativity theory but for his argument that electromagnetic radiation comes in particles we now call photons. He published this paper in 1905 the same year as special relativity. This insight set quantum mechanics on its way, but also introduced a problem which has been with us ever since: how do we reconcile quantum mechanics and special relativity? The current, somewhat unsatisfactory answer is Quantum Field Theory. Quantum field theory - Wikipedia
The quantum theory of [atomic] radiation went through a number of iterations which we associate with the "old" quantum theory of Bohr, the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, Jordan and Born, [the wave theory of Schrödinger,] the transformation theory of Dirac and the work of Von Neumann and others who showed that the different approaches all led to the same results and, as far as they went, were logically consistent. The bugbear was that when combined with special relativity they all led to troubling infinities which, it seemed, could not be real.
[page 59]
Feynman became aware of this problem as a student and produced a new theory of quantum mechanics which he called the space-time approach, building on an intuition of Dirac that the trajectories of physical particles could be understood in terms of a functional called the action [derived from the phase of quantum waves]. This approach was non-relativistic, but his notions of "path integrals and "Feynman diagrams" have become central to quantum field theory.
A tentative final solution to the problem of reconciling quantum mechanics and relativity was reached in 1947 and rewarded with a Nobel prize shared by Schwinger, Tomonaga and Feynman (1965). The key idea, to deal with the infinities, was renormalization. It works, has become respectable, but Feynman was not happy with it. In his Nobel lecture he says
I don't think we have a completely satisfactory relativistic quantum mechanical model, even one that doesn't agree with nature but, at least, agrees with the logic that the probability of all alternatives has to be 100%. Therefore I think that the renormalization theory is simply a way to sweep the difficulties of the divergences of electrodynamics under the rug. Of course I am not sure of that. Richard P. Feynman: Nobel Lecture: The Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics
Quantum electrodynamics - Wikipedia
Where do these infinities come from? They were present in the old pre-quantum electrodynamics and have to do with the idea that the self-interaction og a charged particle of zero size blows up to infinity. Perhaps this is a mathematical artefact of the fact that we consider space to be a continuum. What, instead of looking at quantum physics as something that happens in space, we think of space
[page 60]
as a product of quantum mechanics. In mathematical terms this might mean that instead of constructing Hilbert space, the space of quantum mechanics, in Minkowski space, the space of special relativity, we construct Minkowski space from Hilbert space. Is it even possible? Perhaps it is worth a try. From my point of view, the motivation is that it is much easier to produce a model of god consistent with the work of Aristotle and Aquinas in Hilbert space than in Minkowski space. After all, it has been believed for a very long time that god is outside, that is prior to, space and time. QED. Hilbert space - Wikipedia, Minkowski space - Wikipedia
Monday 8 February 2021
George Schultz dies, 100 yo. Michael Abramowitz & David E. Hoffman: George P. Shultz, counsel and Cabinet member for two Republican presidents, dies at 100
A photon is a quantum mechanical boson [and therefore exists outside space?] but it is also, from a Maxwell / wave point of view itself a harmonic oscillator, moving between potential and action represented by electric and magnetic fields, Viewed by an (impossible) observer it is a point particle and looks like an isolated Hilbert space.
A quantum of action is a job, a period of time expending energy so we see it as the fundamental symmetry of all activities. Running a race is also a quantum of action, playing a game, building a house, writing an essay about the quantum of action, the fundamental symmetry, equivalent to the Boolean not. Superposition is an instance of and implemented by waves whose positive and negative phases are added point by point.
Tuesday 9 February 2021
Theological PTSD. Can you get it.Here I am up at 5.15 am remembering those early days in the choir and wondering about the weird purpose of it all. We think Trump voters are deluded but what about Dominicans trying to make out that they are sane? And what about me now, chasing a pagan grail? So back to the original question quid est hoc quod est esse? A pragmatic faith like Christianity is an hypothesis which provides a load of easy answers. Reality may be a bit more difficult to deal with which is the principal reason for trying to avoid it but in a well run nations things need not be so bad. We just need well informed faith in the nature and reliability of the reliable features of the world.
Something sufficiently weird: potential energy is represented by 'negative frequency' going backwards in time, kinetic energy by positive frequency, going forwards in time. And then you get the eternal now, the quantum of action, god the initial singularity. Looking on the other direction, we begin with the quantum of action and bifurcate it into potential and kinetic which gives us two forms of energy out of which to make quantum mechanics. Why not? Go back to sleep. But like Feynman's idea of anti-particles, time reversed particles. The photon is its own antiparticle because magnetic field is time reversed electric field?
We interpret the basis vectors in Hilbert space as representatives of a physical quantum of action. Since they are normalized to 1, each vector, per se has probability 1, ie certainty, so what it represents must exist in probabilistic terms.
[page 62]
Quantum of action is a potential insofar as p implies not-p, ie p is bounded by not-p, p inside the universe, not-p outside [which is nowhere, nothing].
Swan Lake The lure of continuity. Discrete points are rendered continuous by sufficiently low resolution. Tchaikovsky: Swan Lake
What does it mean to construct a theory? Start with Galileo: v = at, s = ½at2, v2 = 2as. Go further to Newton, f = gm1m2 / r2. Then, (say) Maxwell's equations. In each case we are looking to couple certain numbers, say force F, mass m and acceleration a Then the Lorentz transformation, matrix mechanics, wave mechanics and then things get messy, perturbation theory, Feynman diagrams and all that.
Ng, Schwinger. Yee Jack Ng: Julian Schwinger: The Physicist, the Teacher and the Man
Wednesday 10 February 2021
Action: Aristotle: motion = transformation from potential to act
Cognitive: Transformation from p to not-p
What do I feel? I frequently reflect on the hopelessness of my theological task seen from a political perspective but [reassured by] its obvious scientific value and apparently unassailable truth. It is difficult to make a clear hypothesis about this claim but I am happy with the political line of asserting it again and again and seeking snippets of justification as I go
[page 63]
along. My starting point has settled on the identity of the initial singularity and the omnino simplex Thomistic model of god, and my physics revolves around discussing how the initial bubble of pure action differentiates internally into the universe by analogy to the differentiation of high energy bubbles in colliders to the spray of particles that arise from the collision. One problem at the moment seems to be the mental block arising from the difficulty of putting all these ideas into a consistent story.
Outside the universe does not exist because it is self-contradictory.
Thursday 11 February 2021
Viruses need a host cell to replicate. The initial singularity needs a closed universe to replicate by application of fixed point theory. Introduction: On Fitness.
Evolution requires memory / time symmetry in the form of genes or other stable objects and because quantum unitary transformations are reversible they exist in effect outside time and serve therefore as memory.
Introduction: The purpose of this essay is to improve on my honours thesis which was based on classical network computation by showing that quantum computation is in fact better for this purpose and fills in the Platonic failures in representation implicit in the prolegomenon approach. Prolegomenon to scientific theology
[page 64]
What we are really wishing to show is that quantum mechanics is a lot closer [to god] than classical mechanics. How so we achieve this? In other words, what is the special point of quantum theory? The idea I started with was that I can fix up the infinity problems in quantum field theory by making Hilbert space rather than Minkowski space the basic domain of the universe seen as a computation network and get the result that Minkowski space is naturally pixellated by the quantum of action which disposes of the infinities, but the real task is much deeper and must be built on quantum computation and communication. In the long historical perspective, we see Aristotle's axiom, which precludes the the existence of harmonic oscillators like the pendulum, being replaced by the quantum harmonic oscillator which is a relationship between fermions and bosons whose classical manifestation is the identity of potential and kinetic energy that we see in the ideal classical pendulum and the associated [conservative gravitational field in which it operates].
Quanta of action are discrete so we cannot realistically treat them as continuous. In other words they have no internal structure like god and might be thought of as like a Dirac delta function with a value of 1, an act, but nothing that we can see inside, at least from the point of view of classical mathematics.
Friday 12 February 2021
Gauge theory Wiki: 'In physics the mathematical description of any physical situation usually contains excess degrees of freedom, the same physical situation is equally well described by many equivalent
[page 65]
mathematical configurations. For instance, in Newtonian dynamics, if two configurations are related by a Galilean transformation (an inertial change of reference frame) they represent the same physical situation [but a different version of it]. Gauge theory - Wikipedia
Why is this so? In the beginning we must have just one inertial frame, just as a world of identical particles seems as though it must start with just one particle. So, to undercut all this, we begin with one god, one quantum of action. So a real symmetry begins by making many copies of one initial representation, and the copies add nothing apart from being different. Here we see the root of the quantum mechanical phenomenon of identical particles.
An established discipline like physics is a cosy home for tens of thousands of participants who may be all considered to have descended and multiplied from the initial physicist. They are all symmetrically human but their mental states are very different coupled by local gauge bosons in the form of literature, lectures and conversation. Theology has a similar structure but it has fundamentally the wrong idea about god just as physics once had the wrong idea about inertia. Someone will have to invent a new theory, a new boson to begin a new species of theologian which will eventually begin to differentiate and cause a demand for local gauge theory and new gauge particles to couple the localities together.
The network model as it stands provided formal explanations for all the observable features of the universe, but as Aristotle pointed out criticizing the work of Plato abstract formalism is not enough, it is just mathematics, it also needs representation (hylomorphism)
[page 66]
and a dynamic driving force which is why he invented the first mover.
Christians, wizards and communists / marxists tend to dislike one another because they are all in the same business, competing to propose easy answers to the problems of life. Physicists are in the same boat, [holding] that you can make anything out of energy, so they propose an impossible initial state in a point of zero size outside space and time. We begin with an analogy of god in the form of pure action and we have to show how this becomes the universe. We know it happened, we just have to explain how. We also know that the existence of the symmetries they use to explain everything require the creation of many states that are the same but different. Quantum mechanics proposes the existence of identical particles but somehow requires the existence of space-time to differentiate them, which means we need to find out how spacetime exists as a break in the symmetry of Hilbert space which is where our first mover lives.
Quantum mechanics may provide a way to explain both the mover and the creator (since every motion in a quantized world is both creator and annihilator). We need to explain the relationship of bosons and fermions in the quantum harmonic oscillator, the bifurcation of action into potential and kinetic energy [in the differentiable continuum, force is differential of a potential].
The scale invariance principle suggests that emotion ( ie high
[page 67]
temperature random motion) is the source of structure, supporting MacMillan's idea that war leads to civilization and the ancient idea that we must control our passions to achieve the good life. Margaret Macmillan; War: How Conflict Shaped Us, Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy Vol. I: Inferno, Canto V
'According to the principles of quantum mechanics particles can only be decribed in terms of waves and the momentum p is related to its wavelengh λ, p = h/λ.' Introduction to gauge theory - Wikipedia
Physicists, being empirical scientists are bound to take the world as they find it and try to explain how it fits together, a quest which seems to have settled on symmetries and gauge theories, both of which point to redundancy in the world that seems a bit unnecessary [an echo of the old problem of universals?]. As a theologian more interested in origins, one seeks to learn how it came to be this way starting from a zero entropy state of divine action. By bringing the two approaches into contact, one might hope to perfect both physics and theology, arriving at cognitive theology [cosmology?] the theory of god's creative mind. The fact accepted by physicists that we can create anything out of energy, which involves time but predates space, would seem to imply that action, which predates both time and space puts no constraints at all on possibility and so has unbounded potential limited only by the fact that local inconsistency [revealed by local contact] cannot exist.
Saturday 13 February 2020
Coming from the bottom up from simple divinity, I place my faith in the heuristic of simplicity and need to bow to peceived reality. How did god diversify into the universe? It happened, it involved
[page 68]
the creation and annihilation of vast numbers of particles distributed through space [and time] and there must have been reproduction and evolution. Successful reproduction require determinism; successful creative evolution requires variation and selection. This sets the fundamental process in stone. The network idea takes care of copying, symmetry and complexification. Now we just have to rebuild it from the classical Prolegomena to the quantum inteaction of Hilbert and Minkowski space.
So, some principles:
1. It all began with an initial singularity of pure action [,as Aristotle and Aquinas realised].
2. God multiplied, like the Trinity, into fermions [structural particles] and bosons [messengers].
3. Multiplication brought on evolution by variation [copying errors] and selection [elimination of inconsistencies].
4. Space-time is the operating system of the universe, taking care of memory and communication whose actual works are contact transformations in Hilbert pace.
5. Copying creates symmetries, copying errors enable evolution [copying errors occur because the past does not have the variety to control the more complex future].
6. The metric of Minkowski space is determined by the maintenance of the symmetry of contact transformations [by establishing null geodesics which are footprints of the epoch before the emergence of space].
[7. etc]
The physics of the standard model is very deterministic because it works on the principle that the operating principle in the transformation groups that are used to specify the nature of communication in the world are reversible diffeomorphisms. In other words, [error] and creation are not possible.
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Further readingBooks
Alighieri, Dante, and Mark Musa (translator), The Divine Comedy Vol. I: Inferno, Penguin Classics 1971 Jacket: ' This vigorous new translation of Inferno preserves Dante's simple natural style and captures the swift movements of the original Italian verse. Mark Musa's blank verse rendition of the poet's journey through the circles of Hell re-creates for the modern reader the richer meanings that Dante's poem had for his contemporaries. Musa's introduction and commentaries on each of the cantos brilliantly illuminates the text. '
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Ashby, W Ross, An Introduction to Cybernetics, Methuen 1956, 1964 'This book is intended to provide [an introduction to cybernetics]. It starts from common-place and well understood concepts, and proceeds step by step to show how these concepts can be made exact, and how they can be developed until they lead into such subjects as feedback, stability, regulation, ultrastability, information, coding, noise and other cybernetic topics.'
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Callen, Herbert B, Thermodynamics: an introduction to the physical theories of equilibrium thermostatics and irreversible thermodynamics, John Wiley and Sons 1962 Preface: 'In writing this book I have forgone the conventional inductive development of thermodynamics in favor of a postulational approach, which I believe is more direct and logically simple. . . . In order to motivate the postulates, an elementary qualitative statistical discussion is given in an appendix, and some appeal is made to experimental observations, but the spirit of the development is that the postulates are best justified by a posteriori success of the theory rather than by a priori proof.'back |
Canon Law Society of America, Holy See, Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition, Canon Law Society of America 1984 Pope John Paul XXXIII announced his decision to reform the existing corpus of canonical legislation on 25 January 1959. Pope John Paul II ordered the promulgation of the revised Code of Canon law on the same day in 1983. The latin text is definitive. This English translation has been approved by the Canonical Affairs Committee of the [US] National Conference of Catholic Bishops in October 1983.
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Christie, Agatha, The Murder of Roger Akroyd, Harpercollins 1991 Amazon customer review: .The Murder of Roger Ackroyd was the first Christie I ever read - and it's a real masterpiece. The ending is pretty horrifying, but read the book again, and you'll wonder why you didn't notice various things - things the Murderer/Murderess (I'm not saying which it is!)said and did during the novel, that one didn't notice at the time. Extremely good stuff.. H Lim
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Coyne, Jerry A., Faith vs. Fact: Why Science and Religion are Incompatible, Penguin Viking 2015 Jacket: 'Using the clear-eyed, rational methodology of a world-class scientist, Coyne dismantles every claim to explaining the physical world, and the life in it, that religion proposes, from Genesis on. While science relies on observation, reason, testing and experiment, methods that have led to tremendous progress, religion's methods are based on faith—beliefs in things for which there is no evidence, insufficient evidence or even counter-evidence—as well as on dogma, authority and "confirmation bias," the tendency to see as true what you want to be true. Coyne irrefutable demonstrates the grave harm—to individuals and our planet—in mistaking faith for fact in making the most important decisions about the world we live in.'
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Dirac, P A M, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (4th ed), Oxford UP/Clarendon 1983 Jacket: '[this] is the standard work in the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, indispensible both to the advanced student and the mature research worker, who will always find it a fresh source of knowledge and stimulation.' (Nature)
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Farmelo, Graham, The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom, Basic Books 2009 Amazon Editorial Review:
From Publishers Weekly
'Paul Dirac (1902–1984) shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Erwin Schrödinger in 1933, but whereas physicists regard Dirac as one of the giants of the 20th century, he isn't as well known outside the profession. This may be due to the lack of humorous quips attributed to Dirac, as compared with an Einstein or a Feynman. If he spoke at all, it was with one-word answers that made Calvin Coolidge look loquacious. Dirac adhered to Keats's admonition that Beauty is truth, truth beauty: if an equation was beautiful, it was probably correct, and vice versa. His most famous equation predicted the positron (now used in PET scans), which is the antiparticle of the electron, and antimatter in general. . . . ' Copyright Reed Business Information
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Fine, Reuben, A History of Psychoanalysis, Columbia University 1979 'The author of this book is a distinguished psychoanalyst who has many psychoanalytic publications to his credit. In particular, he has ably demonstrated his capacity to describe and bring together the contributions of his colleagues on various topics representing different approaches to psychoanalytical work. This capacity he has again demonstrated in his latest book entitled A History of Psychoanalysis in which he traces the history of most of the main concepts used in psychoanalysis, the development of psychoanalytic technique, and its application to different types of mental illness. He describes Freud's initial discoveries and his subsequent alterations to his theories as his clinical experience presented him with aspects of a problem that his original formulations or hypotheses could not cover. He then traces subsequent contributions by psychoanalysts who have worked on the same problems, summarizing their views. Finally, he explores the relationship between Psychoanalysis and other disciplines, e.g. Psychiatry and the Social Sciences, and in particular the psychoanalytic approach to culture and value systems. This book could be invaluable to those who require a summary of the history of the development of psychoanalytic metapsychology and technique, and as such it is recommended.' Pearl H. M. King
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Macmillan, Margaret, War: How Conflict Shaped Us, Profile Books 2020 ' In War, Professor Margaret MacMillan explores the deep links between society and war and the questions they raise. We learn when war began - whether among early homo sapiens or later, as we began to organise ourselves into tribes and settle in communities. We see the ways in which war reflects changing societies and how war has brought change - for better and worse.
Economies, science, technology, medicine, culture: all are instrumental in war and have been shaped by it - without conflict it we might not have had penicillin, female emancipation, radar or rockets. Throughout history, writers, artists, film-makers, playwrights, and composers have been inspired by war - whether to condemn, exalt or simply puzzle about it. If we are never to be rid of war, how should we think about it and what does that mean for peace?
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McGregor, Richard, The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, Harper 2010 Amazon editorial review: From Publishers Weekly
'McGregor, a journalist at the Financial Times, begins his revelatory and scrupulously reported book with a provocative comparison between China's Communist Party and the Vatican for their shared cultures of secrecy, pervasive influence, and impenetrability. The author pulls back the curtain on the Party to consider its influence over the industrial economy, military, and local governments. McGregor describes a system operating on a Leninist blueprint and deeply at odds with Western standards of management and transparency. Corruption and the tension between decentralization and national control are recurring themes--and are highlighted in the Party™s handling of the disturbing Sanlu case, in which thousands of babies were poisoned by contaminated milk powder. McGregor makes a clear and convincing case that the 1989 backlash against the Party, inexorable globalization, and technological innovations in communication have made it incumbent on the Party to evolve, and this smart, authoritative book provides valuable insight into how it has--and has not--met the challenge. '
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Misner, Charles W, and Kip S Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation, Freeman 1973 Jacket: 'Einstein's description of gravitation as curvature of spacetime led directly to that greatest of all predictions of his theory, that the universe itself is dynamic. Physics still has far to go to come to terms with this amazing fact and what it means for man and his relation to the universe. John Archibald Wheeler. . . . this is a book on Einstein's theory of gravity. . . . '
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Ng, Yee Jack, and (editor), Julian Schwinger: The Physicist, the Teacher and the Man, ' In the post-quantum-mechanics era, few physicists, if any, have matched Julian Schwinger in contributions to and influence on the development of physics. A deep and provocative thinker, Schwinger left his indelible mark on all areas of theoretical physics; an eloquent lecturer and immensely successful mentor, he was gentle, intensely private, and known for being "modest about everything except his physics". This book is a collection of talks in memory of him by some of his contemporaries and his former students: A Klein, F Dyson, B DeWitt, W Kohn, D Saxon, P C Martin, K Johnson, S Deser, R Finkelstein, Y J Ng, H Feshbach, L Brown, S Glashow, K A Milton, and C N Yang. From it, one can get a glimpse of Julian Schwinger, the physicist, the teacher, and the man. Altogether, this book is a must for all physicists, physics students, and others who are interested in great legends.'
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Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press 1996 The classic founding text of cybernetics.
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Links
Al Jazeera, Lidia Thorpe: The Indigenous woman shaking up Australia, ' Draped in a possum-skin cloak Senator Lidia Thorpe entered her first day in the Australian Federal parliament last September with her right fist raised in a Black Power salute.
In her left hand, she carried a stick engraved with 441 stripes representing the number of Indigenous people to die in custody since a landmark Royal Commission in 1991.
Thorpe tells Al Jazeera she raised her fist “as a sign of resistance and as a sign of our struggle and in solidarity with Black people across the world”.
She also described the responsibility as “carrying the voice of my people into a place which denied our rights for so long” and confirmed her intent: “I’m not saying anything different to what the people on the ground are calling for.” ' back |
Augustus - Wikipedia, Augustus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Augustus (Latin: Imperātor Caesar Dīvī Fīlius Augustus 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.
He was born Gaius Octavius into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian Octavii family. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. . . .
On 1 January 42 BC, the Senate posthumously recognized Julius Caesar as a divinity of the Roman state, Divus Iulius. Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing the fact that he was Divi filius, "Son of God".' back |
David Cohen, George Shultz, American statesman, dies at 100, ' George P. Shultz, a widely respected statesman and economist through many productive years on the public stage, has died. He was 100.
“Shultz was a key player, alongside President Ronald Reagan, in changing the direction of history by using the tools of diplomacy to bring the Cold War to an end,” the Hoover Institution at Stanford University said in announcing that he had died on Saturday. . . . Shultz, . . . was frank about his fears for the world. “For centuries, we somehow managed to separate war from religion, and now it’s back,” he told the Times of Israel in February 2016. “War with a religious base is much more dangerous, because it has a capacity to spread, which it’s doing.” ' back |
Eduardo Baptista, Joe Biden's China tade policy: make America great again, not Wall Street, ' Trump’s unlikely 2016 victory was widely attributed to widespread anger and frustration among US workers about the export of their livelihoods. And according to Hung Ho-Fung, a professor of political economy at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Wall Street played a central role in that business shift to China.
“Wall Street is at odds with American jobs because in the 1990s and 2000s there was a lot of pressure from shareholders, mainly Wall Street institutional investors, for companies to increase their profit margins,” Hung said.
“It was under this Wall Street pressure that companies like Apple went overseas to start housing all their production in China as a radical measure to cut costs, closing all the assembly lines in the US.” ' back |
Elliott H Lieb & Jakob Yngvason, The Mathematical Structure of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, 'The essence of the second law of classical thermodynamics is the `entropy principle' which asserts the existence of an additive and extensive entropy function, S, that is defined for all equilibrium states of thermodynamic systems and whose increase characterizes the possible state changes under adiabatic conditions. It is one of the few really fundamental physical laws (in the sense that no deviation, however tiny, is permitted) and its consequences are far reaching. This principle is independent of models, statistical mechanical or otherwise, and can be understood without recourse to Carnot cycles, ideal gases and other assumptions about such things as `heat', `temperature', `reversible processes', etc., as is usually done. Also the well known formula of statistical mechanics, S = -\sum p log p, is not needed for the derivation of the entropy principle.
This contribution is partly a summary of our joint work (Physics Reports, Vol. 310, 1--96 (1999)) where the existence and uniqueness of S is proved to be a consequence of certain basic properties of the relation of adiabatic accessibility among equilibrium states. We also present some open problems and suggest directions for further study.' back |
Erik P Verlinde, The Origins of gravity and the Laws of Newton, 'Starting from first principles and general assumptions Newton's law of gravitation is shown to arise naturally and unavoidably in a theory in which space is emergent through a holographic scenario. Gravity is explained as an entropic force caused by changes in the information associated with the positions of material bodies. A relativistic generalization of the presented arguments directly leads to the Einstein equations. When space is emergent even Newton's law of inertia needs to be explained. The equivalence principle leads us to conclude that it is actually this law of inertia whose origin is entropic.' back |
Eugene Rumer & Richard Sokolsky, Why the New START Extension Could Be the End of Arms Control as We Know It, ' Russia’s violation of another major—this time multilateral—treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention, will likely be another sticking point in negotiations over new treaties in the future. Russian security personnel have used Novichok, a banned nerve agent, in two known assassination attempts in recent years—against Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in 2020 and former Russian spy Sergei Skripal in 2018. Both uses have been confirmed by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. As with its violation of the INF Treaty, Russia has also denied these reports. These controversies, too, will have to be resolved before any administration could win Senate approval for a new arms control treaty.' back |
First Council of Nicea - Wikipedia, First Council of Nicea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in A.D. 325. The Council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom.' back |
Gauge theory - Wikipedia, Gauge theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian does not change (is invariant) under local transformations from certain Lie groups.
The term gauge refers to any specific mathematical formalism to regulate redundant degrees of freedom in the Lagrangian. The transformations between possible gauges, called gauge transformations, form a Lie group—referred to as the symmetry group or the gauge group of the theory. Associated with any Lie group is the Lie algebra of group generators. For each group generator there necessarily arises a corresponding field (usually a vector field) called the gauge field. Gauge fields are included in the Lagrangian to ensure its invariance under the local group transformations (called gauge invariance). When such a theory is quantized, the quanta of the gauge fields are called gauge bosons. If the symmetry group is non-commutative, then the gauge theory is referred to as non-abelian gauge theory, the usual example being the Yang–Mills theory. ' back |
Greg Barton, To shut down far-right extremism in Australia, we must confront the ecosystem of hate, ' Last month, a group of far-right extremists made headlines with a public and childishly provocative camping trip to the Grampians.
It is easy to dismiss them as being a bunch of attention-seeking fantasists, but the danger is greater than it appears.
Far-right extremism is the ugly face of a much larger system of toxic synergies. Former race discrimination commissioner and author of On Hate, Tim Soutphommasane, refers to a “pyramid of hate crime”:
The history of hate and racism tells us that any kind of violence or hatred cannot be separated from banal or low levels of prejudice and discrimination […] Hate speech leads to political violence if you allow it to escalate.'
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Hilbert space - Wikipedia, Hilbert space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is an abstract vector space possessing the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Furthermore, Hilbert spaces are complete: there are enough limits in the space to allow the techniques of calculus to be used.' back |
History of quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, History of quantum mechanics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The history of quantum mechanics, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry, began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries: the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday; the 1859-1860 winter statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff; the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete; the discovery of the photoelectric effect by Heinrich Hertz in 1887; and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy-radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete "energy elements". . . ' back |
Introduction to gauge theory - Wikipedia, Introduction to gauge theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation;[ the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance.' back |
John D. Norton, Chasing a Beam of Light: Einstein's Most Famous Thought Experiment, '". . .a paradox upon which I had already hit at the age of sixteen: If I pursue a beam of light with the velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I should observe such a beam of light as an electromagnetic field at rest though spatially oscillating. There seems to be no such thing, however, neither on the basis of experience nor according to Maxwell's equations. From the very beginning it appeared to me intuitively clear that, judged from the standpoint of such an observer, everything would have to happen according to the same laws as for an observer who, relative to the earth, was at rest. For how should the first observer know or be able to determine, that he is in a state of fast uniform motion? One sees in this paradox the germ of the special relativity theory is already contained." ' back |
Kirsty Short, UK, South African, Brazilian: a virologist explains each COVID variant and what they mean for the pandemic, ' Viruses can’t replicate and spread on their own. They need a host, and they need to hijack the cells of the host to replicate. When they replicate in a host, they face the challenge of duplicating their genetic material. For many viruses, this isn’t an exact process and their offspring often contain errors — meaning they’re not exact copies of the original virus.
These errors are referred to as mutations, and viruses with these mutations are called variants. . . . Occasionally, however, variants emerge with an advantageous mutation, one that means it’s better at replicating, transmitting, and/or evading our immune system. These variants have a selective advantage (in biological terms, they are “fitter” than other variants) and may rapidly become the dominant viral strain.' back |
kwanzaakeepers.com, AIDS Deaths in Africa, SOURCE: Extrapolated from December 2000 UNAIDS data back |
Leonard Susskind, The World as a Hologram, 'According to 't Hooft the combination of quantum mechanics and gravity requires the three dimensional world to be an image of data that can be stored on a two dimensional projection much like a holographic image. The two dimensional description only requires one discrete degree of freedom per Planck area and yet it is rich enough to describe all three dimensional phenomena. After outlining 't Hooft's proposal I give a preliminary informal description of how it may be implemented. One finds a basic requirement that particles must grow in size as their momenta are increased far above the Planck scale. The consequences for high energy particle collisions are described. The phenomena of particle growth with momentum was previously discussed in the context of string theory and was related to information spreading near black hole horizons. The considerations of this paper indicate that the effect is much more rapid at all but the earliest times. In fact the rate of spreading is found to saturate the bound from causality. Finally we consider string theory as a possible realization of 't Hooft's idea. The light front lattice string model of Klebanov and Susskind is reviewed and its similarities with the holographic theory are demonstrated. The agreement between the two requires unproven but plausible assumptions about the nonperturbative behavior of string theory. Very similar ideas to those in this paper have been long held by Charles Thorn.' back |
Louise Pryke, Friday essay: the long history of warrior turtles, from ancient myth to warships to teenage mutants, ' The little-known Sumerian myth of Ninurta and the Turtle sees a warrior turtle fight against a legendary hero for the fate of the world. This Mesopotamian myth dates to early in the second millennium BCE.
The eponymous turtle in the narrative is created by the god of wisdom and fresh water, Enki, to retrieve a stolen tablet from the hero, Ninurta, and to teach him humility. The tablet holds special powers that control the path of fate for whomever holds it.' back |
Mark Lawrence Schrad, The Forgotten History of Black Prohibitionism, ' America’s most vocal prohibitionists weren’t privileged white evangelicals, but its most marginalized and disenfranchised communities: women, Native Americans and African Americans. Indeed, temperance and prohibitionism worked hand-in-glove with other freedom movements—abolitionism and suffragism—that fought against the entrenched system of domination and subordination. Consequently, nearly every major Black abolitionist and civil rights leader before World War I—from Frederick Douglass, Martin Delany and Sojourner Truth to F.E.W. Harper, Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington—endorsed temperance and prohibition.' back |
Michael Abramowitz & David E. Hoffman, George P. Shultz, counsel and Cabinet member for two Republican presidents, dies at 100, ' Mr. Shultz, one of only two people to hold four Cabinet positions in the U.S. government and as secretary of state was an essential participant in Reagan’s negotiations with the Soviet Union, died Feb. 6 at his home in Stanford, Calif. He was 100. The Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where Mr. Shultz was the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow, confirmed the death but did not provide details. back |
Minkowski space - Wikipedia, Minkowski space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In mathematical physics, Minkowski space or Minkowski spacetime is a combination of Euclidean space and time into a four-dimensional manifold where the spacetime interval between any two events is independent of the inertial frame of reference in which they are recorded. Although initially developed by mathematician Hermann Minkowski for Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, the mathematical structure of Minkowski spacetime was shown to be an immediate consequence of the postulates of special relativity.' back |
Mujib Mashal & Hari Kumar, Before Himalayan Flood, India Ignored Warnings of Development Risks, ' NEW DELHI — Long before the floods came, washing away hundreds of people and wiping out newly constructed dams and bridges, the warning signs were clear.
The Himalayas have been warming at an alarming rate for years, melting ice long trapped in glaciers, soil and rocks, elevating the risk of devastating floods and landslides, scientists warned. . . ..
But the Indian government overrode the objections of experts and the protests of local residents to blast rocks and build hydroelectric power projects in volatile areas like the one in the northern state of Uttarakhand, where disaster struck.
. . . On Sunday a surge of water and debris went roaring down the steep mountain valleys of the Rishiganga river, erasing everything in its path. Most of the victims were workers on the power projects. back |
Niels Bohr - Wikipedia, Niels Bohr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish pronunciation: [nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, . . . Bohr has been described as one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century' back |
Oliver Lees, China to build the world’s biggest dam on sacred Tibetan river, ' In the foothills of the Himalayas, where the ancient Yarlung civilisation established the first Tibetan Empire, China has plans to build the world’s biggest hydroelectric dam.
In November of last year, China’s state-owned media shared plans for a 60-gigawatt mega-dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo river in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).' back |
Quantum field theory - Wikipedia, Quantum field theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Quantum field theory (QFT) provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically described by fields or (especially in a condensed matter context) of many-body systems. . . . In QFT photons are not thought of as 'little billiard balls', they are considered to be field quanta - necessarily chunked ripples in a field that 'look like' particles. Fermions, like the electron, can also be described as ripples in a field, where each kind of fermion has its own field. In summary, the classical visualisation of "everything is particles and fields", in quantum field theory, resolves into "everything is particles", which then resolves into "everything is fields". In the end, particles are regarded as excited states of a field (field quanta). back |
Rademaker, Gumurdul & May, How historically accurate is the film High Ground? The violence it depicts is uncomfortably close to the truth, ' High Ground was written by Chris Anastassiades and co-produced by Witiyana Marika, (a founding member of Yothu Yindi), who appears in a supporting role as Grandfather Dharrpa and was the film’s senior cultural advisor. It tells of a police massacre of Aboriginal people and the repercussions that follow.
Massacres at the hands of police and settlers were tragically common through northern Australia. The opening scene, depicting a massacre beside a waterhole in 1919, echoes the 1911 Gan Gan Massacre in which mounted police killed more than 30 Yolngu people in a “punishment expedition”.' back |
Richard P. Feynman, Nobel Lecture: The Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1965: 'We have a habit in writing articles published in scientific journals to make the work as finished as possible, to cover all the tracks, to not worry about the blind alleys or to describe how you had the wrong idea first, and so on. So there isn't any place to publish, in a dignified manner, what you actually did in order to get to do the work, although, there has been in these days, some interest in this kind of thing. Since winning the prize is a personal thing, I thought I could be excused in this particular situation, if I were to talk personally about my relationship to quantum electrodynamics, rather than to discuss the subject itself in a refined and finished fashion. Furthermore, since there are three people who have won the prize in physics, if they are all going to be talking about quantum electrodynamics itself, one might become bored with the subject. So, what I would like to tell you about today are the sequence of events, really the sequence of ideas, which occurred, and by which I finally came out the other end with an unsolved problem for which I ultimately received a prize.' back |
Sarah Childress, Could Ferguson Win Its Case Against the Justice Department?, 'Now, change in the city that helped give rise to the Black Lives Matter movement following the police shooting death of 18-year-old African-American Michael Brown will come much more slowly, if at all.
On Tuesday, Ferguson’s city council voted 6-0 to amend the deal, removing mandates for salary increases for its officers and an increase in staffing for the city jail.
Less than 24 hours later, Attorney General Loretta Lynch announced that the Justice Department had filed a complaint in court against the city, alleging a pattern or practice of civil-rights violations that were, she said, “not only egregious — they were routine.” ' back |
Schrödinger equation - Wikipedia, Schrödinger equation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'IIn quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that describes how the quantum state of a quantum system changes with time. It was formulated in late 1925, and published in 1926, by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger. . . .
In classical mechanics Newton's second law, (F = ma), is used to mathematically predict what a given system will do at any time after a known initial condition. In quantum mechanics, the analogue of Newton's law is Schrödinger's equation for a quantum system (usually atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles whether free, bound, or localized). It is not a simple algebraic equation, but in general a linear partial differential equation, describing the time-evolution of the system's wave function (also called a "state function").' back |
Spin-statistics theorem - Wikipedia, Spin-statistics theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In quantum mechanics, the spin–statistics theorem relates the spin of a particle to the particle statistics it obeys. The spin of a particle is its intrinsic angular momentum (that is, the contribution to the total angular momentum that is not due to the orbital motion of the particle). All particles have either integer spin or half-integer spin (in units of the reduced Planck constant ħ). The theorem states that:
The wave function of a system of identical integer-spin particles has the same value when the positions of any two particles are swapped. Particles with wave functions symmetric under exchange are called bosons.
The wave function of a system of identical half-integer spin particles changes sign when two particles are swapped. Particles with wave functions antisymmetric under exchange are called fermions.' back |
Tchaikovsky, Swan Lake, '"The Swan Lake Teatro alla Scala, Vladimir Bourmeister, Mariinsky Theatre Symphony Orchestra back |
Thought Police - Wikipedia, Thought Police - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The Thought Police (thinkpol in Newspeak) are the secret police of the fictional superstate, Oceania, in George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Orwell's Thought Police are charged with uncovering and punishing "thoughtcrime" and thought-criminals. They use psychological methods and omnipresent surveillance (such as telescreens) to search, find, monitor, and arrest members of society who could potentially challenge authority and the status quo—even if only by thought—hence the name Thought Police. They use terror and torture to achieve their ends.' back |
Whitehead, Smith & Philip, The US jumps on board the electric vehicle revolution, leaving Australia in the dust, ' Australia is already a world leader in building fast-charging hardware, and manufactures electric buses and trucks. We could also lead the global electric vehicle supply chain, due to our significant reserves of lithium, copper and nickel.
Despite these opportunities, the continuing lack of national leadership means the country is missing out on many economic benefits the electric vehicle revolution can bring.
Australia should adopt a Biden-inspired electric vehicle agenda. Without it, we will miss our climate targets, and the opportunity for thousands of new jobs.' back |
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