Natural Theology

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Notes DB 90: Psychogenesis_2024

Sunday 11 February 2024 - Saturday 17 February y 2024

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Sunday 11 February 2024

We have to kill to live (Nicholls 1992a) Jeffrey Nicholls (1992a): An essay on value

The question is where does the killing stop and life begin? Thirty one years after I wrote that essay I am coming to the end of a quest for life, a website about god, the source of life, conceived as an empty eternal omnipotent mind, the initial singularity. How does this singularity create life? There are two stages. First there is an idea, a structure in Hilbert space, a dead kinematic thing. Then it gives this idea live by giving it piece of its own life by 'zero-sum bifurcation' splitting itself into debt (potential) and cash (actuality) and investing the cash in its idea, and so on (See Cognitive Cosmology pages 4: Theology: a new paradigm? to 17: Gravitation and quantum theory—in the beginning

How did we learn this? Physics, by taking the world apart to see how it works. First we found photons and electrons. Then we became more violent and discovered alpha particles and neutrons. Finally we came to something we could not

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take apart, the eternal proton comprising quarks and gluons which are not capable of independent existence. Now we have come to the last page of the story of creation, cc25_chromodynamics and what can we say? First just tell the story - deep inelastic scattering. And then try to explain what it means, its political consequences, its implications for war and killing, the subject that has motivated me ever since I was terrified by nuclear weapons and the fear of having to be killed in Vietnam. So as ever, write on. Proton - Wikipedia, Quark - Wikipedia, Gluon - Wikipedia

' The Book': Preface: Motivation; Introduction: Summary; Chapter 1: A brief history of European theology; 2: In the Beginning . . .

What about the notion that the foundations of the next evolutionary step must be survivors capable of reproduction so as to access the next round of variation and testing? They therefore need to be sustained by some existing environment. How does this apply to the group of elementary particles we have called angels? Do the quarks and gluons have to form a group to survive. We have a problem here similar to the origins of life.

We note that the proton is permanent and has a sort of 3D interior. Maybe 4D Minkowski space is formed first with photons, electrons and positrons and the 3D space of gluons arises

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as a system complex enough to be the genes of a 3D hadron. Here we are speculating. First we write out the sequence of work that led to deep knowledge of deep inelastic scattering and then look for a route to hadrons. No reason to be wildly speculative. Also need to speculate about screening and antiscreening which seem to be rather ad hoc conclusions drawn from the ad hocery of renormalization. Electric-field screening - Wikipedia, Asymptotic freedom - Wikipedia

No one has ever read anything of mine and told me that this is good enough to publish or for me to offer you a job. In this way I have always found myself working alone rather than in collaboration and it seems that it might be very late in my life for me to achieve sufficient notoriety to make a living out of my work. This does not seem to bother me because I feel the family motto: I am not prejudiced, I just know. So I keep going forever.

When I was a builder I was never moody. Everything was so straightforward. Now I am in the writing business I have become an oscillator, moving from despair to elation, potential to action on a daily basis as I find myself inside or outside my intellectual comfort zone. Now I do not know what to say about chromodynamics, so I try retail therapy.

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cc24_trans_minkowski posits an alternative to quantum field theory which I now propose to expound and verify by applying it to chromodynamics . What hope haveI? Is the proton an image of the universe, the foundation of symmetry with respect to complexity - a continuation of the whole hog to see where it ends.

Monday 12 February 2024

cc25_chromodynamics: Electrodynamics is the paradigm for chromodynamics but it may need changing so I am free to dream up something that does not depend on renormalization, which is a result of the [mistaken] decision to make Minkowski space the domain of Hilbert space. What I am promoting here is von Neumann's formulation of quantum theory which I take to be the kinematic foundation of the Universe, the von Neumann vacuum built by naked gravitation.

I wonder whether chromodynamics is prior to a consequence of electroweak theory. What is the order if these processes? The theory of evolution requires that the variation and selection must be based on the foundation of an existing species capable of mutation and reproduction [or a very far out chance where a whole lot of disparate elements come together to create a survivable group]. It seems that the massive bosons of the weak force have something to do with the elimination of antimatter

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which would seem to be a barrier to the further evolution of the Universe by annihilating everything as fast as it is formed [rather like zero-sum bifurcation running backwards. Is it entropy that drags it forwards. We cannot increase entropy if everything is getting trashed all the time, like trying to generate civilization in the face of war]. Here a big difficulty is the fact that gluons and quarks cannot exist independently. So tentative outline:

25.1: Physics is built on experiment and observation.

25.2: Nuclear data - deep inelastic scattering.

25.3: The order of evolution

25.4: The antimatter problem. (Lars Eklund) Baryogenesis (Trodden 2016, Shapiro, Gorelik, Moskowitz, Baryon assymmetry, CP violation, Beutsche (2023), Anderson (2023), CERN (2024) ) Lars Eklund (2020): CERN: discovery sheds light on the great mystery of why the universe has less 'antimatter' than matter, Baryogenesis - Wikipedia, Mark Trodden (2016): Electroweak Baryogensis, Gennady Gorelik (2011): The Riddle of the Third Idea: How Did the Soviets Build a Thermonuclear Bomb So Suspiciously Fast?, Clara Moskowitz: What Happened to All of the Universe’s Antimatter?, CERN (2024): The matter-antimatter assymetry problem

The physics industry, like the theology industry, will do anthing for power and both have sold out to military force. In a way I am doing the same thing. By the end of the month I hope to be working full time on a book to connect physics to theology with the aim of correcting the politically motivated corruption of both. 24.? Wilczek (2004), Gross (2004).

Gross page 59: ' The early 1960 when I started my graduate studies at UC Berkeley were a period of experimental supremacy and theoretical impotence. The construction and utilization of major acelerators was proceeding fullsteam, Experimental

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discoveries and surprizes appeared every few months. There was hardly any theory to speak of.' David J. Gross (2004): Nobel lecture: The Discovery of Asymptotic Freedom and the Emergence of QCD

Gross page 60: Freeman Dyson: 'the correct theory will not be found in the next hundred years.'

page 61: 'In my first course on QFT at Berkeley in 1965 I was taught that Field Theory = Feynman Rules. Today we know that there are are many phenomena, especially confinement in QCD, that cannot be understood perturbatively.

' The obvious conclusion that all hadrons were composites of more fundamental constituents was thwarted by the fact that no matter how hard hadrons were smashed into one another, one had not been able to liberate these hypothetical constituents.'

page 62: In QED the vacuum contains virtual electron-positron pairs. If a charge is inserted into this dielectric medium, it distorts or polarises the virtual dipoles and this will screen the charge. Consequently the charge seen at some distance will be reduced in magnitude and the further one goes the smaller the charge . . . The beta function which is minus the logarithmic derivative of charge with respect to distance is thus positive. [what is the difference between the inserted negative charge and the vacuum negative charge?]' Beta function (physics) - Wikipedia

' . . . dielectric screening is a natural physical explanation and

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of charge renormalization they [Landau and co] were unaware of any simple reason for the opposite effect. . . . Ladau decreed that " We are driven to the conclusion that the Hamiltonian method for strong interction is dead and must be buried, although of course with due honour."

page 63: ' S matrix theory had some notable successes . . . However there were drawbacks to a theory that was based on the principle that there is no theory. . . . until 1973 it was not thought proper to use fields theory without apologies. . . . in 1972 Murray Gell-Mann ended his talk on quarks with the summary "Let us end by emphasizing our main point, that it may well be possible to construct an empirical theory of hadrons based on quarks and some kind of glue, treated as fictitious, but with enough physical properties abstracted and applied to real hadrons to constitute a complete theory. Since the entities we start with are fictitious, there is no need for any conflict with the bootstrap or conventional parton point of view".'

page 64: Nowadays we realize that SU(3) is an accidental symmetry which arises because a few quarks (the up, down and strange quarks) are relatively light compared to the scale of strong interactions.'

page 65; 'Yet quarks were not seen . . .'

Francis Lou: 'Bootstrap is less a theory than a tautology.'

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Gross page 66: ' The SLAC deep inelastic scattering experiments has a profound impact on me. They clearly showed that the proton behaved, when observed over short times, as if it were made out of point-like objects of spin one half.'

page 67: 'Experiments indicated that scaling was in fine shape. But one could hardly turn off the interactions between the quarks, or make them very weak, since then one would expect hadrons to break up easily into their quark constituents, and no one ever observed free quarks. This paradox and the search for an explanation of scaling would preoocupy me for the next 4 years.

Venaziano: String theory. Gabriele_Veneziano - Wikipedia

page 68: ' I felt strongly that scaling was a permanent feature of strong interactions. Gerard 't Hooft's spectacular work on the renormalizability of Yang-Mills theories reintroduced non-Abelian gauge theories to the community. The electroweak theory of S. Glashow and S. Weinberg was revived. . . . The operator product analysis was extended to the light cone, the relevant region of deep inelastic scattering. Gerardus 't Hooft (1999): Nobel Lecture 1999: A Confrontation with Infinity

Gross page 69: Most important, from my point of view, was the revival of the renormalization group by Wilson. Kenneth G Wilson (1982): Nobel Lecture: The Renormalisation Group and Critical Phenomena

'First I would prove that 'Ultraviolet Stability, the vanishing of the effective coupling at short distances, later called asymptotic

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freedom, was necessary to explain scaling. Second I would show there are no asymptotically free field theories.

Gross page 70: . . . to investigate asymptotic freedom it suffices to study the behaviour of the β functions in the vicinity of the origin of coupling constant space. I told [Frank Wilczek] my program to determine whether quantum field theory could account for scaling. We decided we would calculate the β function of Yang-Mills theory.

Calculate (arithmetic) Think (logic}

page 71: 'Why are non-Abelian gauge theories asymptotically free? . . . The easiest way to understand this is by considering the magnetic screening properties of the vacuum. In a relativistic theory one can calculate the dielectric constant ε in terms of the magnetic permeability μ since εμ = 1. In classical physics, all media are diamagnetic. This is because, classically, all magnets arise from electric currents and the response of a system to an applied magnetic field is to set up currents to decrease the field (Lenz's Law). Thus μ < 1, a situation that corresponds to electric screening or ε > 1. However, in quantum mechanical systems, paramagnetism is possible. This is the case in non-Abelian gauge theories where the gluons are charged particles of spin one. They behave as permanent magnetic dipoles

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then align themselves to an applied external field increasing its magnitude and producing μ > 1. We can therefore regard anti-screening of the Yang-Mills vacuum as paramagnetism. QCD is asymptotically free because the anti-scrteening of the gluons overcomes the screening due to the quarks. Diamagnetism - Wikipedia

Gross page 72: 'For me the discovery of anti-screening was totally unexpected.'

page 75: 'Before asymptotic freedom it seemed that we were still far from a theory of hadrons; afterwards it seemed clear that QCD was such a theory.'

page 76: At large distances, however, perturbation theory was useless. In fact, today, after 31 years of study, we still lack reliable analytic tools for treating this region of QCD.

page 78: '. . . asymptotic freedom greatly increased or confidence in the consistency of quantum field theory, produced the first example of a theory with no adjustable parameters, enabled us to probe the very early history of the Universe and allowed us to extrapolate the standard model to high energy.

a. Consistency of QFT: 'the decrease of effective coupling for large energy means that no new physics need arise at short distances. There are no infinities at all, the bare coupling is finite and in fact just valishes. . . . We are vey close to having a

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rigorous mathematical proof of the existence of aymptotically free gauge theories in four dimensions - at least when placed in a finite box to tame the infrared dynamics that produce confinement.

b. No adjustable parameters. At first glance QCD has only one parameter, the dimentionless number that specifies the strength of the Force. . . . It is sometimes claimed that the origin of mass is the Higgs mechanism which is responsible for the breaking of the electroweak symmetry that unbroken would forbid quark masses This is incorrect. Most, 99% of the proton mass is due to the kinetic and ptential energy of the massless gluons and the essentially massles quarks, confined within the proton.

c. The early history of the Universe. . . . To trace the history of the Universe we must understand the dynamics that operates when the universe was hot and the particles were very energetic. . . . Today, especially since QCD simplifies at high energy, we can extrapolate to very early times when nucleons melt and quarks and gluons are liberated to form a quark-gluon plasma.

d. Unification '. . . the apparently insurmountable barrier to unification—namely the large difference in strength btween strong interactions and the electro-weak interactions—

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was seen to be a very low energy phenomenon. Since strong interactions decrease in strength with increasing energy, these forces would have a common origin at very high energy — 1014 – 1016 GeV all forces and gravitation unified (you wish).

Wilczek Nobel page 101: Gell-Mann and Zweig; Hadrons made of quarks. Frank Wilczek (2004): Nobel lecture: Asymptotic Freedom: from Paradox to Paradigm

The atmosphere of weirdness thickened into paradox when Friedman, Kendall and Taylor began to poke into the inside of protons.'

page 102: Paradox 1: Powerful interactions ought to be associated with powerful radiation. When the most powerful interaction in nature, the strong interaction did not obey this rule, it posed a sharp paradox. (Quarks are free but confined)

Paradox 2: Special relativity and quantum mechanics both work [but they are naturally separated by operating in different spaces, Hilbert and Minkowski.]

Dirac on antiparticles [maybe this is not a quantum thing but a Minkowski thing when we square the amplitude and get a negative number].

Feynman, Schwinger and Tomonaga on ultraviolet divergences and particle creation and annihilation in the 'vacuum'. This is a generalization of the complementarity between momentum and position which is fundamental to ordinary non-relativistic quantum mechanics [when people map Hilbert space onto Minkowski space, which really has no meaning].

' empty space becomes densely populated with virtual particles; empty space comes to behave like a dynamic medium. Zero point energy and renormalization.

page 104: Storms in teacups created by mixing kinematics with dynamics,

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Wilczek page 105: Paradox lost, antiscreening and asymptotic freedom [which will not work of space is just space and not full of fictitious particles created out of nothing!].

Wilczek page 107: 'By using the elaborate [and fictitious] technical machinery of quantum field theory (including the renormalization group, operator product expansions and approximate dispersion relations [which we assume to be all embedded in reality]) we were able to be much more specific and quantitative about the implications of our theory than my loose pictorial language suggests. In particular, the strong interaction does not turn off abruptly, and there is a non-zero probability that quarks will radiate when poked. It is only asymptotically, as energies go to infinity, that the probability of radiation vanished.

4 paradigms: 1. The hard reality of quarks and gluons.

page 108: 'Quarks and (especially) gluons had become ideally simple entities whose propertied are fully defined by mathematically precise slgorithms [Hermitian operators?].

Hard radiation, capable of significantly redirecting the flow of energy snd momentum is rare [??]. But soft radition, that produces additional particles moving in the same direction without deflecting the overall flow, is common [???]. page 111: Paradigm 2: Mass comes from energy [as Einstein might have said].

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Wilczek page 113; 'These pictures [CGI]make it clear amd tangible that a quantum vacuum is a dynamic medium whose properties and responses large define the behaviour of matter [and whose mass-energy is 10120 times greater than the mass of the Universe]. Computer-generated imagery - Wikipedia

Paradigm 3: the early Universe was simple [agreed]

Jesus was a carpenter [as my father often reminded me]. He was not some intellectual blockhead who thought the graduations on his tape created ulimited quantities of energy which required renormalization away by screening to make the tape measure properly.

page 114: Paradigm 4: Symmetry rules.

page 121: The greatest lesson: We can understand simple things once we penetrate the fog of academia.

Taylor page 632: 'Forty years of electron scattering experient have had a significant impact on our understanding of the basic components of matter. Richard E. Taylor (1990): Nobel Lecture: I. Deep Inelastic Scattering: The Early Years

Friedman (1990) Jerome I. Friedman (1990): Nobel Lecture III: Deep Inelastic Scattering: Comparisons with the quark model

Friedman page 121: ' The constituent model which opened the way for a simple dynamical interpretation of the deep inelastic results was the parton model of Feynman. He developed the model to describe hadron hadron interactions in which the constituents of one hadron interact with those of another. These constituents, called partons were identified with the fundamental bare particles of an underlying

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field theory of the strong interactions. He applied this model to deep inelastic scattering after he had sen the early scaling results, . . . In this application of the model the proton is conjectured to consist of pointlike partons from which the electron scatters. The model is implemented in a frame approaching the infinite momentum frame in which the relativistic time dilation slows down the motion nearly to a standstill. The electron thus sees and incoherently scatters from the partons which are non-interacting with eachother during the time the virtual photon is exchanged. In this frame the impulse approximation is assumed to hold so that the scattering process is sensitive only to the properties and momenta of the partons.

What have I got to say about deep inelastic scattering? Inside the proton and all the other hadrons is a little world with the same properties as the big world, including freely moving agents and the impossibility of escape.

A state vector is a kinematic representative of a state [as this sentence is a kinematic representative of my state of mind] a state ψ with the property that ei ψ = ψ. It is not a state. A particle is a state, a dynamic reality whose personality is represented by ψ [a name], the content of its mind, since every particle is a living divinity. The quantum of action is not an uncertainty principle, it is a certainty principle, an algorithm that defines

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a process which in dynamic form is the particle carrying the process, like me. We are going back to the old indigenous story, everything is alive, from the proton to the Universe, everything is a source or personality with two components a mind and a body, its body having a physical interface with other minds. Chromodynamics is the science of a living eternal source, the proton.

Tuesday 13 February 2024

I understand many occasional bouts of despair. I have faith in my hypothesis that the Universe is divine, but I can also see the immense burden of falsehood built into theology, physics and politics and despair that a source as small as myself can change this reality. I cannot back down however and so will continue to write what I believe to be true in the hope that there is truth in the song From Little Things Big Things Grow. I will continue building evidence into my opinion until it becomes clear that the best use of my time is no longer simply thinking and writing but propagation of my view of reality. Paul Kelly & Kev Carmody: From little things, big things grow

So far no ideas about how to deal with chromodynamics.

We delete the energetic virtual vacuum and restore Hilbert space to its rightful primacy and with this all this screening and antiscreening which just looks like politics to me and chromodynamics needs a whole new explanation along the lines of cognitive cosmology. We have the same problem with the origin of hadrons as with the origin of life which is how such a complex system can come into existence and we would like to find some steps along the way as I have done from naked gravitation to spacetime and particles. In other words we are looking for the random discovery of self-sustaining groups which are endowed with the power of reproduction like the trinitarian initial singularity.

Looking back it seems that cognitive cosmology has taken about two months per page and now I am on the grand finale but do not know how to pull it off. How do I construct asymptotic freedom? Proton is a model of the Universe so perhaps we go back to naked gravitation and make the proton the father of the Universe in some way, our Yahweh. We are all free to move on our orbits inside the Universe but we cannot get out, it is closed; except perhaps by following Alice down a black hole. Every particle is an image of the proton, a closed conscious source with a Hilbert mind inside. How do we fit the quarks and gluons into this? The gluons are the basic things and the quarks are their plaything and the electdons are the playthings of the photons,. I am a more or less closed

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self sustaining system, eat, breathe, excrete so is the life of every other particle the same given the principle of symmetry with respect to complexity? How do photons reproduce. What are the details of anti-protons? How does the system initiate baryon asymmetry, by breaking the matter / antimatter symmetry. Does any of this have anything to do with sexual reproduction, or more deeply with the bifurcation of organisms into genes and living body?

Wednesday 14 February 2024

Axelrod: Evolution and the role of communication in cooperation, which brings us back to the networks and the isomorphism between the proton and the Universe mediated by network structure. Compare the hadron network to the general relativity network through a network view of the assembly of flat Minkowski spaces into closed general relativistic space through some special feature of 4D. All this 10 - 20 D stuff in string theory etc is superfluous, multiplying complexity for lack of insight into simplicity. The basic bootstrap, identified by Aristotle, is the mind body / gene ontogenesis loop. So we think god first dreamed up the proton and then built it, ie first dreamed up by bosons and fermions and then made networks abd the proton is the simplest possible network built on 3 and 23 = 8 a la Pythagoras. Heap on the hypotheses until a viable one pops out. The rules of evolution: build on a stable foundation

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Hoping to finish cognitive cosmology with a bit of a bang in cc25_chromodynamics but will it come true? How does logical confinement look in relation to physical confinement? What are the real reason for asymptotic freedom and confinement when we rule out screening, antiscreening and high entropy vacuum [all elements of Minkowski rather than Hilbert space]. Only saving grace is the computational reality of quantum mechanics which simply controls physical behaviour in its software role which has been selected by an evolutionary process which increases entropy by establishing durability of proton just as in cc24-transfinite-minkowski we increase entropy by spatial separation of particles by analogy to Aristotle's individualizing matter overcoming formal identity. Formal identity is a form of logical confinement - 2 identical angels = 1 angel. What I am looking for is a definite writedown (?) of quantum field theory based on the spurious vacuum.

What I am really looking for is in myself. To make my case for theology by creating a seamless union between theology and physics based on a careful appreciation and modelling of the data as I have received it in the nearly 80 yeards of interface with theocracy and imperialism. Cognitive cosmology is the background to 'the book' but I have to get it right as chromodynamics is the apogee of physical theology and the rainbow covenant between divinity and humanity.

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So what we need is the equation Wilczek [records] and a set of operators to match. Maybe this is the time to start learning Python?

Yang-Mills existence and mass gap - Clay problem - solve this for cc25_chromodynamics - We need to construct QFT satisfying Wightman axioms and showing the existence of a mass gap.

Wightman axioms: The standard model of particle physics has no mathematically rigorous foundations.

W0: von Neumann quantum mechanics. Symmetry according to Wigner. Wigner postulated the transition probability between states to be the same for all observers related by the transformation of special relativity [ie Hilbert space is independent of Minkowski space] Wigner's classification - Wikipedia

Second part of zeroth axion: (U(a, A) fulfills spectral condition

Third part : Unique state, represented by a ray in Hilbert space unmoved under the action of the Poincare group called a vacuum.

W1: Fields are operator valued tempered distributions.

W2: Fields are covariant under the action of the Poincare group

W3: Spacelike separated fields either commute or anti-commute. Streater and Wightman page 96. Streater & Wightman (2000); PCT, Spin, Statistics and All That

The upshot of all this is that the unnatural imprisonment of Hilbert space in Minkowski spacee is the source of all the problems in quantum field theory which requires radical revision. So fix Wightman axioms.

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Hayes Cognitive Gadgets: Ideology and cognitive gadgets replace genes so we can develop headspaces that enable us to unite as one organism, all these headspaces are parts of theology, the theory of everything and when we are all agreed on one theology we can function as one organism in harmony with our planet. Our principal problem now is those control freaks who are prepared to kill people to get their way rather than honouring human rights and the democratic ideal that all members of a group should have a voice in deciding the management of the group that affects them all. This is the point of symmetry with respect to complexity. Jonathan Steele: Alexei Navalny obituary

Thursday 15 February 2024

Having decided to go all the way with my scheme to make all particles conscious I have to work out if it is feasible and one way to do this is to compare the entropy of the spacetime/ field view which sees all the information as contained in one large superposition of spacetime fields rather than in actual dynamic particulate agents [where we see fields as like angels, one field for all electrons which denies their individuality]. In social terms, do I have my own mind and control my own actions or is it as I was in the Church or other authoritarian orgsnizations like the Communist Party of China, the Dominican Order and the Nazi party which sets up a behavioural fields which controls us all on pain of death?

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I love this argument and it all falls into place physically, theologically and politically. Can't wait to get back home and start writing but first I go to see Auntie with French Coffee cake.

This position rests on the principle of symmetry with respect to complexity. Do particles follow the same protocols as people? This seems to be the killer argument and I learnt it in the monastery where like in authoritarian societies I was required to confess my breeches of the law and other deficiencies every week in chapter. Of course I lied because my self esteem was too great to allow me to be an apparatchik and I am in the same position now with respect to physics and theology. Theocracies are doomed on entropy grounds [as is field theory since it does not give particles individuality??].

Field theories are involved in endless contortions to preserve the unity of their fields against the independence of particles.

Badly designed software misses the symmetries in the original problem so has to have a lot of patches to catch all the "exceptional" cases that result. We see this in quantum field theory.

Quantum field theory vs quantum particle theory.

Friday 16 February 2024

So we come down to the old argument about particles and

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fields and I am opting for particles as images of the initial singularity. We may quote the quantum of action as the fundamental particle and quote the tragedy of Einstein's hopeless quest for a union of discrete particles with continuous fields, and the nineteenth century struggle for continuity which ended with Cantor's digitization of the continuum. Sed contra we have Auyang, Wilczek, Weinberg and most of the physics industry, but in the end I will go with my picture of myself seen through the eyes of Wiener, Turing, von Neumann and practical quantum theory. So I am happy now with cognitive cosmology and just have to dream up a particle picture of the proton connected to the particle picture of life as a union of genetics and ontogenesis. At least this seems to be a stable conclusion whose political consequences to be drawn out in cc27_ conclusion on the entropic death of theocracy. The book title: The Inevitable death of Theocracy.

McCulloch et. al. on 300 years of global temperature. McCulloch, Winter, Sherman & Trotter (2024): 300 years of sclerosponge thermometry shows global warming has exceeded 1.5 °C

Can we say particles are music, fields or cacophonies?

Quantum mechanics selects the particles out of the fields, the von Neumann vacuum [aka Hilbert space, a kinematic field associated with and driven by dynamic particles, children of initial singularity]

cc25_chromodynamics page 25: Quantum chromodynamics: QCD

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1. Quantum mechanics as a theory of communication and computation [the starting point for cognitive cosmology].

Dune. QED against Field theory: Feynman QED. How do Feynman diagrams work? Martinus Veltman (1994): Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Dune (2021 film) - Wikipedia

Saturday 17 February 2024

Cognitive cosmology evolutionary single particle approach vs field theory axiomatic approach embodies in Millennium prize basically destroyed by cosmological constant problem.

Evolution of life compared to evolution of protons / hadrons on survival of the fittest of a large spectrum of hadrons.

I am a long way from the conventional story but some intuitive pig-headedness causes me to reject the idea of continuous field and the idea that particles are states of a field rather than fixed points established by quantum theory in Hilbert space and energized by gravitation to become real particles, fermions or bosons, in Minkowski space. I now have to construct a critique of field theory that justifies my position and greatly simplifies physics by establishing the kinematic independence of Hilbert space and at the same time wins me the Millennium Prize for quantum physics. It pays to dream, but instead of doing this in a week it will take a year, the cream on the cognitive cosmological cake, the fruit of the heuristic of simplicity.

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Lochlain O'Raifeartaigh (1999) page 4: '. . . it was Weyl who emphasized the role of gauge invariance [ie symmetry invariance] as a symmetry principle from which electromagnetism can be derived It took several decades until the importance of this symmetry principle — in its generalized form to non-Abelian gauge groups developed by Yang, Mills and others — to become fruitful for the description of the weak and strong interactions'. ie to become part of the quantum software, like phase, controlling the interactions [through messaging by massless bosons]. Lochlain O’Raifeartaigh (1999): Early History of Gauge Theories and Kaluza-Klein Theories, with a Glance at Recent Developments

page 5: ' The case of non-commutative geometry is a little different as the gauge-principle is used as input, but the change from a continuum to a discrete structure produces qualitatively new features,' Non commutation points to a logically causative interaction [(ab - ba) = quantum of action], as opposed to commutation = spacelike separation [and if there is no spacelike separation in Hilbert space there is no non-commutativity either?].

page 6: [diagram] key papers in the development of gauge theories.

page 13: ' In this remarkable paper, London suggested a reinterpretation of Weyl's principle of gauge invariance within the new quantum mechanics. The role of the metric space is taken over by the wave function snd the rescaling of the metric has to be replaced by the phase change of the wave function. F. London: Quantum-mechanical interpretation of Weyl’s theory

Vacuum state, no energy, no mass, so we get our energy from gravitation, which

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the connects itself to the mass it creates via quantum mechanics.

Jaffe & Witten page 131: '. . . for QCD to describe the strong force successfully, it must have at the quantum level the three following properties, each of which is dramatically different from the behaviour of the classical theory:

(1) It must have a "mass gap;" namely there must be some constant Δ > 0 such that every excitation of the vacuum has energy at least Δ. Why? To explain why the nudear force is strong but short ranged. [But] Nuclear force is carried by massless gluons??

(2) It must have "quark confinement", because we see no free quarks

page 132: (3) It must have "chiral symmetry breaking," which means that the vacuum is potentially invariant (in the limit that the quark-bare masses vanish) only under a subgroup pf the full symmetry group that acts on the quark fields. . . .[this] is needed to account for the "current algebra" theory of soft pions that was developed in the 1960s.' Carlson, Jaffe & Wiles (2006): The Millennium Prize Problems

' These properties are not understood theoretically; there does not exist a convincing, whether or not mathematially complete, theoretical computation demonstrating any of the three properties of QCD, as opposed to a severely simplified truncation of it.' But it has evolved, so the quantum theory is there.

page 133: 'There are reasons to believe that QFT may be important in 21st century mathematics.' Can brains and quantum theory work without mathematics [ie by attending to the details without any overarching theory]?

page 134: '. . . QFT is the jumping off point for a quest that may prove central to 21st century physics—the efforts to unify gravity and quantum mechanics' (done that!).

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Jaffe & Witten page 134: 'A quantum field, or local quantum field operator, is an operator valued generalized function on space time obeying certain axioms' - which seems wrong because operations are on Hilbert space. The whole idea of making Minkowski [space] the domain of Hilbert seems silly.

'Basically one requires that the Hilbert space H of the quantum field carry a representation of the Poincare group . . . A vacuum vector is an element of H that is invariant under (the representation of the) Poincare group'. What does this even mean?

One assumes that the representation has positive energy 0 < H and a vacuum vector Ω ∈ H that is unique up to a phase [ie a ray?]'.

Copyright:

You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.

Further reading

Books

Carlson (2006), James, and Arthur Jaffe & Andrew Wiles, The Millennium Prize Problems, ClayMathematics Institute and American Mathematical Society 2006
1: The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture: Andrew Wiles
2: The Hodge Conjecture: Pierre Deligne
3: The Existence and Smoothness of the Navier-Stokes Equation: Charles L Fefferman
4: The Poincare Conjecture: John Milnor
5: The P versus NP Problem: Stephen Cook
6: The Riemann Hypothesis: Enrico Bombieri
7: Quantum Yang-Mills Theory: Arthur Jaffe and Edward Whitten 
Amazon
  back

Streater (2000), Raymond F, and Arthur S Wightman, PCT, Spin, Statistics and All That, Princeton University Press 2000 Amazon product description: 'PCT, Spin and Statistics, and All That is the classic summary of and introduction to the achievements of Axiomatic Quantum Field Theory. This theory gives precise mathematical responses to questions like: What is a quantized field? What are the physically indispensable attributes of a quantized field? Furthermore, Axiomatic Field Theory shows that a number of physically important predictions of quantum field theory are mathematical consequences of the axioms. Here Raymond Streater and Arthur Wightman treat only results that can be rigorously proved, and these are presented in an elegant style that makes them available to a broad range of physics and theoretical mathematics.' 
Amazon
  back

Veltman (1994), Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. . . .' 
Amazon
  back

Links

Asymptotic freedom - Wikipedia, Asymptotic freedom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In physics, asymptotic freedom is the property of some gauge theories in which the interaction between the particles, such as quarks, becomes arbitrarily weak at ever shorter distances, i.e. length scales that asymptotically converge to zero (or, equivalently, energy scales that become arbitrarily large). Asymptotic freedom implies that in high-energy scattering the quarks move within nucleons, such as the neutron and proton, mostly as free non-interacting particles. It allows physicists to calculate the cross sections of various events in particle physics reliably using parton techniques.' back

Baryogenesis - Wikipedia, Baryogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physical cosmology, baryogenesis is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.[1] One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. The universe, as a whole, seems to have a nonzero positive baryon number density. Since it is assumed in cosmology that the particles we see were created using the same physics we measure today, it would normally be expected that the overall baryon number should be zero, as matter and antimatter should have been created in equal amounts.' back

Beta function (physics) - Wikipedia, Beta function (physics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale, μ, of a given physical process described by quantum field theory. It is defined as
β (g ) = ∂g / ∂ log ⁡μ,
and, because of the underlying renormalization group, it has no explicit dependence on μ, so it only depends on μ implicitly through g. This dependence on the energy scale thus specified is known as the running of the coupling parameter, a fundamental feature of scale-dependence in quantum field theory, and its explicit computation is achievable through a variety of mathematical techniques. ' back

CERN (2024), The matter-antimatter assymetry problem, ' The Big Bang should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter in the early universe. But today, everything we see from the smallest life forms on Earth to the largest stellar objects is made almost entirely of matter. Comparatively, there is not much antimatter to be found. Something must have happened to tip the balance. One of the greatest challenges in physics is to figure out what happened to the antimatter, or why we see an asymmetry between matter and antimatter. . . .. However, if a special kind of marble rolled across a table of spinning coins and caused every coin it hit to land on its head, it would disrupt the whole system. There would be more heads than tails. In the same way, some unknown mechanism could have interfered with the oscillating particles to cause a slight majority of them to decay as matter. Physicists may find hints as to what this process might be by studying the subtle differences in the behaviour of matter and antimatter particles created in high-energy proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Studying this imbalance could help scientists paint a clearer picture of why our universe is matter-filled. back

Clara Moskowitz, What Happened to All of the Universe’s Antimatter?, ' Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider Beauty (LHCb) experiment at CERN near Geneva have discovered antimatter and matter versions of “charm” quarks—one of six types, or flavors, of a class of elementary matter particles—acting differently from one another. In a new study, which was presented in March at the “Rencontres de Moriond” particle physics conference in La Thuile, Italy, the physicists found that unstable particles called D0 mesons (which contain charm quarks) decayed into more stable particles at a slightly different rate than their antimatter counterparts. Such differences could help explain how an asymmetry arose between matter and antimatter after the big bang, resulting in a universe composed mostly of matter.' back

Computer-generated imagery - Wikipedia, Computer-generated imagery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is a specific-technology or application of computer graphics for creating or improving images in art, printed media, simulators, videos and video games. These images are either static (i.e. still images) or dynamic (i.e. moving images). CGI both refers to 2D computer graphics and (more frequently) 3D computer graphics with the purpose of designing characters, virtual worlds, or scenes and special effects (in films, television programs, commercials, etc.). The application of CGI for creating/improving animations is called computer animation, or CGI animation.' back

David J. Gross (2004), Nobel lecture: The Discovery of Asymptotic Freedom and the Emergence of QCD, ' The emergence of QCD is a wonderful example of the evolution from farce to triumph. During a very short period, a transition occurred from experimental discovery and theoretical confusion to theoretical triumph and experimental confirmation. In this Nobel lecture I shall describe the turn of events that led to the discovery of asymptotic freedom, which in turn led to the formulation of QCD, the final element of the remarkably comprehensive theory of elementary particle physics – the Standard Model. I shall then briefly describe the experimental tests of the theory and the implications of asymptotic freedom.' back

David Tong, Yang Mills Theory: High Energy Particle Physics Group Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge, back

Diamagnetism - Wikipedia, Diamagnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Diamagnetism is the property of materials that are repelled by a magnetic field; an applied magnetic field creates an induced magnetic field in them in the opposite direction, causing a repulsive force. In contrast, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are attracted by a magnetic field. Diamagnetism is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs in all materials; when it is the only contribution to the magnetism, the material is called diamagnetic. In paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, the weak diamagnetic force is overcome by the attractive force of magnetic dipoles in the material. The magnetic permeability of diamagnetic materials is less than the permeability of vacuum, μ0.' back

Dune (2021 film) - Wikipedia, Dune (2021 film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Dune (titled onscreen as Dune: Part One) is a 2021 American epic science fiction film directed by Denis Villeneuve, who co-wrote the screenplay with Jon Spaihts and Eric Roth. It is the first of a two-part adaptation of the 1965 novel of the same name from Frank Herbert's Dune franchise. Set in the far distant future, the film follows Paul Atreides as his family, the noble House Atreides, is thrust into a war for the deadly and inhospitable desert planet Arrakis.' back

Electric-field screening - Wikipedia, Electric-field screening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physics, screening is the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. It is an important part of the behavior of charge-carrying fluids, such as ionized gases (classical plasmas), electrolytes, and charge carriers in electronic conductors (semiconductors, metals). In a fluid, with a given permittivity ε, composed of electrically charged constituent particles, each pair of particles (with charges q1 and q2) interact through the Coulomb force. . . . This interaction complicates the theoretical treatment of the fluid. For example, a naive quantum mechanical calculation of the ground-state energy density yields infinity, which is unreasonable. The difficulty lies in the fact that even though the Coulomb force diminishes with distance as 1/r^2, the average number of particles at each distance r is proportional to r^2, assuming the fluid is fairly isotropic. As a result, a charge fluctuation at any one point has non-negligible effects at large distances.' back

Erwin Schrodinger the the Creation of Wave Mechanics, H. Rechenberg, On the occasion of the 100th birthday of Erwin Schrodinger, an outline of his life and work is presented together with an analysis of the steps that led him to wave mechanics. back

F. London, Quantum-mechanical interpretation of Weyl’s theory, ' The idea of a “purely-local geometry,” which was first conceived by Riemann, is known to have recently experienced an extraordinarily beautiful and simple completion by Weyl. One can consider the Riemannian conception of space to be the elimination of the prejudice that the curvature behavior at one location in space must imply the curvature at all others. In order to give some sense to Riemann’s statement, it was then necessary that the yardstick that enabled one to determine the coefficients gik of the fundamental metric form: ds^2 = gikdx^i dx^k
would have to be a “rigid” yardstick. By contrast, Weyl made it legitimate to assume that such a rigid yardstick would be contrary to a radical local geometry . . . ' “Quantenmechanische Deutung der Theorie von Weyl,” Zeit. Phys. 42 (1927), 375-389. back

Frank Wilczek (2004), Nobel lecture: Asymptotic Freedom: from Paradox to Paradigm, ' Frank Wilczek held his Nobel lecture December 8, 2004, at Aula Magna, Stockholm University. He was presented by Professor Sune Svanberg, Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics. Summary: The idea that Quarks that are born free are confined and can’t be pulled apart was once considered a paradox. The emerging theory for strong interactions, Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) predicts the existence of gluons, which together with quarks can be seen indirectly as jets from hard scattering reactions between particles. Quantum Chromo Dynamics predicts that the forces between quarks are feeble for small separations but are powerful far away, which explains confinement. Many experiments have confirmed this property of the strong interaction. ' back

Franz lidz, Who Kissed First? Archaeology Has an Answer., ' One night over dinner in 2022, the couple discussed — as scientists in love do — a new genetic study that linked modern herpes variants to mouth-to-mouth kissing in the Bronze Age, roughly 3300 B.C. to 1200 B.C. In the paper’s supplementary materials, a brief history of kissing pinpointed South Asia as the place of origin and traced the first literary buss to 1500 B.C., when Vedic Sanskrit manuscripts were being transcribed from oral history. . . . But the couple believed that wasn’t its start. “I told Sophie that I knew of even older accounts written in both the Sumerian and Akkadian languages,” said Dr. Arboll, whose expertise is ancient accounts of medical diagnoses, prescriptions and healing rituals. . . In “The Science of Kissing: What Our Lips Are Telling Us,” Sheril Kirshenbaum writes about the chemistry of attraction, how a kiss locks two people together in an exchange of colors, tastes and textures. Dr. Rasmussen believes that kissing evolved as a way of sizing up potential partners through their scent.. back

Gabriele_Veneziano - Wikipedia, Gabriele_Veneziano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedisa, ' Gabriele Veneziano (Italian:born 7 September 1942) is an Italian theoretical physicist widely considered the father of string theory.He has conducted most of his scientific activities at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and held the Chair of Elementary Particles, Gravitation and Cosmology at the Collège de France in Paris from 2004 to 2013, until the age of retirement there.' back

Gennady Gorelik (2011), The Riddle of the Third Idea: How Did the Soviets Build a Thermonuclear Bomb So Suspiciously Fast?, ' The famous Russian physicist Andrei Sakharov left a rich heritage. He outlined an explanation for the disparity between matter and antimatter in the universe. His idea of gravitation as the quantum elasticity of the spacetime continues to inspire the search for a unified theory. He was a pure theorist who invented the Soviet H-bomb and, 20 years later, transformed into the foremost human-rights advocate and opponent of the Soviet regime, for which he received a Nobel peace prize. He put forward a powerful political principle: "Never trust a government that doesn't trust its own people." ' back

Gerardus 't Hooft (1999), Nobel Lecture 1999: A Confrontation with Infinity, ' Early attempts at constructing realistic models of the weak interaction were offset by the emergence of infinite, hence meaningless expressions when one tried to develop radiative corrections. When models based on gauge theories with Higgs mechanism were discovered to be renormalizable, the bothersome infinities disappeared - they cancelled out. If this success seemed to be due to sorcery, it may be of interest to explain the physical insights on which it is actually based.' back

Gluon - Wikipedia, Gluon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' A gluon (/ˈɡluːɒn/) is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks. It is analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles.[6] In layman's terms, they "glue" quarks together, forming hadrons such as protons and neutrons. In technical terms, gluons are vector gauge bosons that mediate strong interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Gluons themselves carry the color charge of the strong interaction. This is unlike the photon, which mediates the electromagnetic interaction but lacks an electric charge. Gluons therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than quantum electrodynamics (QED). ' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1992a), An essay on value, ' 1: We must kill to live. The question before is is whether or not to kill some fraction of the old growth forest (OGF) in the Wingham management area (WMA) in order to keep the sawmilling operation at Mt George alive.
2: Religion: Although the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), as we have it, is a document based largely on resource, commercial and employment considerations, I believe the Commission is facing a religious issue, and will have no peace until it realizes that fact.
3: Matters of life and death are questions of religion. For those who have power over life and death, deciding what to kill is a question of value. The value system of any organism is determined by the history of its survival.
4: If the decision is good, the benefit from killing will exceed the value of what is destroyed, yielding a profit and enhanced probability of survival. A wrong judgement of value leads to the opposite result.' back

Jerome I. Friedman (1990), Nobel Lecture III: Deep Inelastic Scattering: Comparisons with the quark model, ' The first suggestion that deep inelastic scattering might provide evidence of elementary constituents was made by Bjorken in his 1967 Varenna lectures. Studying the sum rule predictions derived from current algebra, he stated, ". . . We find these relations so perspicuous that, by an appeal to history, an interpretation in terms of elementary constituents is suggested." . . . The constituent model which opened the way for a simple dynamical interpretation of the deep inelastic results was the parton model of Feynman. He developed this model to describe hadon hadron interactions in which the constituents of one hadron interact with those of the other.' back

Jo Marchant (2024), First passages of rolled-up Herculaneum scroll revealed, ' A team of student researchers has made a giant contribution to solving one of the biggest mysteries in archaeology by revealing the content of Greek writing inside a charred scroll buried 2,000 years ago by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The winners of a contest called the Vesuvius Challenge trained their machine-learning algorithms on scans of the rolled-up papyrus, unveiling a previously unknown philosophical work that discusses the senses and pleasure. The feat paves the way for artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to decipher the rest of the scrolls in their entirety, something that researchers say could have revolutionary implications for our understanding of the ancient world. The achievement has ignited the usually slow-moving world of ancient studies. It’s “what I always thought was a pipe dream coming true”, says Kenneth Lapatin, curator of antiquities at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, California. The revealed text discusses sources of pleasure including music, the taste of capers and the colour purple. “It’s an historic moment,” says classicist Bob Fowler at the University of Bristol, UK, one of the prize judges. The three students, from Egypt, Switzerland and the United States, who revealed the text share a US$700,000 grand prize.' back

Joël Feltesse, Introduction to Deep Inelastic Scattering: Past and Present, ' A brief history of Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) physics is presented. Going from the glorious years at SLAC 45 years ago, through the high statistics fixed experiments in the eighties and the discoveries at HERA since twenty years, without omitting Polarised Deep Inelastic Scattering, until the most recent open problems in DIS' back

Jonathan Steele, Alexei Navalny obituary, ' Alexei Navalny, who has died suddenly aged 47 while in prison, was Russia’s best-known campaigner against high-level corruption. For many years he was the leading critic and opponent of President Vladimir Putin and his political party, United Russia. Repeated arrests, jail sentences and physical assaults did not deter Navalny from digging up financial scandals, which he published on his blogs and X feeds as well as YouTube. In a 2011 radio interview, he described United Russia as a “party of crooks and thieves”, which became a powerful and popular mantra on social media and at political protests. . . .. His most dramatic brush with death came in 2020 at the end of a political campaign trip through Siberia, when he was taken seriously ill on a flight from Tomsk to Moscow. His condition was so grave that the pilot made an emergency landing in Omsk, where he was rushed to hospital. Navalny’s wife and supporters asked for him to be taken to Germany, where they felt he would be better treated. The Russian authorities agreed and Navalny was flown to the Charité hospital in Berlin, where toxicology tests showed traces of the nerve agent novichok in Navalny’s body. Russian officials complained that the test results were not made public nor disclosed to them. Navalny recovered and was released from hospital after a month. . . .. Showing great courage, but defying the advice of his family and friends, he flew back to Moscow in January 2021, accompanied by his wife and dozens of journalists, and was arrested on landing. . . .. In 2022, Navalny was sentenced to an extra nine years after being found guilty of embezzlement and contempt of court. In 2023, he was given a further 19 years in prison on extremism charges.' back

Kenneth G Wilson (1982), Nobel Lecture: The Renormalisation Group and Critical Phenomena, Nobel Prize Lecture, 8 December 1982: This paper has three parts. The first part is a simplified presentation of the basic ideas of the renormalization group and the e expansion applied to critical phenomena, following roughly a summary exposition given in 1972. The second part is an account of the history (as I remember it) of work leading up to the papers in I971-1972 on the renormalization group. Finally, some of the developments since 1971 will be summarized, and an assessment for the future given.' back

Lars Eklund (2020), CERN: discovery sheds light on the great mystery of why the universe has less 'antimatter' than matter, ' We counted the number of decays from the two samples and compared the two numbers, to see how this difference varied as the oscillation progressed. There was a slight difference – with more decays happening for one of the B0S mesons. And for the first time for B0S mesons, we observed that the difference in decay, or asymmetry, varied according to the oscillation between the B0S meson and the anti-meson.' back

Lisa Cox, Testing regime meant to stop toxic chemicals going into NSW landscape products gamed by suppliers, ' A testing regime meant to stop toxic chemicals going into landscaping products in New South Wales has been gamed by suppliers who kept retesting samples until they passed. Waste facilities making soil fill from construction and demolition waste – called “recovered fines” – are required to test their product for hazardous contaminants and report results to the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) if they exceed legislated thresholds. But a 2019 investigation by the environment watchdog – obtained exclusively by Guardian Australia – found almost half of the manufacturers instead asked the laboratories to simply retest the samples until they achieved an acceptable result. On one occasion a sample was tested six times in total. Guardian Australia can reveal: 43% of facilities were requesting retesting and were only doing so after they received a result that breached state regulations Waste facilities were sending in samples for testing that looked very different to material EPA officials collected from their stockpiles, a separate 2013 report shows One testing laboratory alleged it was asked by manufacturers “not to report the presence of suspected asbestos”.' back

Lochlain O’Raifeartaigh (1999), Early History of Gauge Theories and Kaluza-Klein Theories, with a Glance at Recent Developments, 'Abstract: One of the major developments of twentieth century physics has been the gradual recognition that a common feature of the known fundamental interactions is their gauge structure. In this article the authors review the early history of gauge theory, from Einstein’s theory of gravitation to the appearance of non-abelian gauge theories in the fifties. The authors also review the early history of dimensional reduction, which played an important role in the developement of gauge-theory. A description is given how, in recent times, the ideas of gauge-theory and dimensional reduction have emerged naturally in the context of string theory and non-commutative geometry.' back

Mark Trodden (2016), Electroweak Baryogensis, 'Contrary to naive cosmological expectations, all evidence suggests that the universe contains an abundance of matter over antimatter. This article reviews the currently popular scenario in which testable physics, present in the standard model of electroweak interactions and its modest extensions, is responsible for this fundamental cosmological datum. A pedagogical explanation of the motivations and physics behind electroweak baryogenesis is provided, and analytical approaches, numerical studies, up to date developments and open questions in the field are also discussed.' back

McCulloch, Winter, Sherman & Trotter (2024), 300 years of sclerosponge thermometry shows global warming has exceeded 1.5 °C, ' Anthropogenic emissions drive global-scale warming yet the temperature increase relative to pre-industrial levels is uncertain. Using 300 years of ocean mixed-layer temperature records preserved in sclerosponge carbonate skeletons, we demonstrate that industrial-era warming began in the mid-1860s, more than 80 years earlier than instrumental sea surface temperature records. The Sr/Ca palaeothermometer was calibrated against ‘modern’ (post-1963) highly correlated (R2 = 0.91) instrumental records of global sea surface temperatures, with the pre-industrial defined by nearly constant (<±0.1 °C) temperatures from 1700 to the early 1860s. Increasing ocean and land-air temperatures overlap until the late twentieth century, when the land began warming at nearly twice the rate of the surface oceans. Hotter land temperatures, together with the earlier onset of industrial-era warming, indicate that global warming was already 1.7 ± 0.1 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2020. Our result is 0.5 °C higher than IPCC estimates, with 2 °C global warming projected by the late 2020s, nearly two decades earlier than expected.' back

Paul Kelly & Kev Carmody, From little things, big things grow, ' Gather 'round people, I'll tell you a story
An eight-year long story of power and pride
British Lord Vestey and Vincent Lingiari
Were opposite men on opposite sides
Vestey was fat with money and muscle
Beef was his business, broad was his door
Vincent was lean and spoke very little
He had no bank balance, hard dirt was his floor

From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow

Gurindji were working for nothing but rations
Where once they had gathered the wealth of the land
Daily the oppression got tighter and tighter
Gurindji decided they must make a stand
They picked up their swags and started off walking
At Wattie Creek they sat themselves down
Now it don't sound like much but it sure got tongues talking
Back at the homestead and then in the town

From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow

Vestey man said, "I'll double your wages
18 quid a week you'll have in your hand"
Vincent said, "Uh-uh we're not talking about wages
We're sitting right here 'til we get our land"
Vestey man roared and Vestey man thundered
You don't stand the chance of a cinder in snow
Vince said, "If we fall, others are rising"

From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow

Then Vincent Lingiari boarded an airplane
Landed in Sydney, big city of light
s And daily he went 'round softly speaking his story
To all kinds of men from all walks of life
And Vincent sat down with big politicians
"This affair, " they told him "It's a matter of state"
"Let us sort it out while your people are hungry"
Vincent said, "No thanks, we know how to wait"

From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow

Then Vincent Lingiari returned in an airplane
Back to his country once more to sit down
And he told his people, "Let the stars keep on turning
We have friends in the south, in the cities and towns"
Eight years went by, eight long years of waiting
'Til one day a tall stranger appeared in the land
And he came with lawyers and he came with great ceremony
And through Vincent's fingers poured a handful of sand

From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow

That was the story of Vincent Lingiari
But this is the story of something much more
How power and privilege can not move a people
Who know where they stand and stand in the law From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
From little things big things grow
back

Proton - Wikipedia, Proton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit . . . , a diameter of about 1.65 x 10-15 m, and a mass of 938.27231(28) MeV/c2 (1.6726 X 10 - 27 kg), 1.007 276 466 88(13) u or about 1836 times the mass of an electron. Protons are spin 1/2 fermions and are composed of three quarks, making them baryons. The two up quarks and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons' back

Quark - Wikipedia, Quark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Quarks . . . are a type of elementary particle and major constituents of matter. They combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most well-known of which are protons and neutrons. They are the only particles in the Standard Model to experience the strong force, and thereby the only particles to experience all four fundamental forces, which are also known as fundamental interactions.' back

Richard E. Taylor (1990), Nobel Lecture: I. Deep Inelastic Scattering: The Early Years, ' Soon after the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics was announced Henry Kendall, Jerry Friedman and I agreed that we would each describe a part of the deep inelastic experiments in our Nobel lectures. The division we agreed upon was roughly chronological. I would cover the early times, describing some of the work that led to the establishment of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center where the experiments were performed, followed by a brief account of the construction of the experimental apparatus used in the experiments and the commissioning of the spectrometer facility in early elastic scattering experiments at the Center.' back

Royal Society, Hilbert's Sixth Problem, ' Theme issue ‘Hilbert's sixth problem’ compiled and edited by Luigi Accardi, Pierre Degond and Alexander N. Gorban In 1900, David Hilbert presented 23 problems for the advancement of mathematical science. Hilbert’s Sixth Problem proposed the expansion of the axiomatic method outside of mathematics, in physics and beyond. Its title was shocking: “Mathematical Treatment of the Axioms of Physics.” Axioms of physics did not exist and were not expected. During further explanation, Hilbert specified this problem with special focus on probability and “the limiting processes, which lead from the atomistic view to the laws of motion of continua”. The programmatic call was formulated “to treat, by means of axioms, those physical sciences in which already today mathematics plays an important part.” This issue presents a modern slice of the work on the Sixth Problem, from quantum probability to fluid dynamics and machine learning, and from review of solid mathematical and physical results to opinion pieces with new ambitious ideas. Some expectations were broken: The continuum limit of atomistic kinetics may differ from the classical fluid dynamics. The “curse of dimensionality” in machine learning turns into the “blessing of dimensionality” that is closely related to statistical physics. Quantum probability facilitates the modelling of geological uncertainty and hydrocarbon reservoirs. And many other findings are presented. back

Troels Pank Arbøll & Sophie Lund Rasmussen, The ancient history of kissing, ' Humanity’s earliest recorded kiss occurs in sources from the ancient Middle East. Kissing is attested in ancient Mesopotamian texts from 2500 BCE onward. Ancient Mesopotamia constituted the areas along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, which today roughly cover Iraq and Syria. Writing was first invented simultaneously in southern Iraq and in Egypt around 3200 BCE. In Mesopotamia people wrote in cuneiform script on clay tablets, which primarily recorded the Sumerian and Akkadian languages from ∼3200 BCE to 75 CE. In the earliest texts in the Sumerian language, kissing was described in relation to erotic acts, possibly as a postcoital activity, and the locus was the lips . In the Akkadian language, references to kissing can be subdivided into two distinct groups, the first designating friendly and familial affection, describing a display of submission or respect through the act of kissing the feet or the ground, and the second being an erotic action with the lips as the primary locus .' back

Vladimir Kara-Murza, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/02/14/putin-ukraine-war-opposition-karamurza/, ' “SPECIAL REGIME” PRISON COLONY No. 7, OMSK, Russia — If you listen to Vladimir Putin’s propaganda, things couldn’t be going better for him. The Russian president is winning the war in Ukraine, his hold on power is as strong as ever and — most importantly and underpinning all of this — the Russian people are fully united in support of their national leader and his “special military operation,” as the official media invariably refers to the war. Surprisingly, there are even people in the West who take this at face value. But actions speak louder than words. The Kremlin’s propaganda narrative was shown up last week when the Central Election Commission barred Boris Nadezhdin, the sole antiwar candidate running in Russia’s presidential election, from the March ballot. The formal pretext was the usual one offered in such circumstances: “technical irregularities” in the small percentage of the voter signatures submitted in support of his nomination (misprints in passport numbers, some of the collectors’ signatures not notarized and so on). The real reason was given by an unnamed Kremlin source, who told Meduza (an independent online media organization) that the Putin administration had underestimated how many Russians are actually opposed to the war in Ukraine — and that Nadezhdin was polling in the double-digits. It was an “unpleasant surprise,” the source candidly admitted.' back

Wigner's classification - Wikipedia, Wigner's classification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In mathematics and theoretical physics, Wigner's classification is a classification of the nonnegative (E ≥ 0) energy irreducible unitary representations of the Poincaré group which have sharp[when defined as?] mass eigenvalues. (Since this group is noncompact, these unitary representations are infinite-dimensional.) It was introduced by Eugene Wigner, to classify particles and fields in physics—see the article particle physics and representation theory. It relies on the stabilizer subgroups of that group, dubbed the Wigner little groups of various mass states.' back

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