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vol VII: Notes

1999

Notes

[Notebook DB 52A Mathesis]

[Sunday 26 December 1999 - Saturday 1 January 2000]

[page 153]

Sunday 26 December 1999

Oxford English Dictionary is a biography of each word in the language - descent with modification.

Theology:
→ Hermeneutics
→ Text
→ Linguistics
cv Mathematics

Symmetry

Defined doctrine: what is definition?

The meaning of a message lies in how it was encoded: Message = text = encoding

[page 208]

Encoding = symmetry between transmitter and receiver [invertible function].

All particles talk trough gravity and such talk is always attractive. We understand nothing about the universe The particles emitted by the big bang are all moving ballistically, under the action of their own interactions.

Natural progression in physical science from matter to information, The scientific method may be seen as a consequence of the fact that all information is embodied, that is physically represented.

Matrix of dots.

Information is spiritual. So physical representation of information is the modern expression of the ancient relationship between matter and form or matter and spirit.

Plato → Aristotle.

One hopes that the definitive expression of

[page 209]

cybernetic soteriology . . .

The data of theology are human feelings.

Christian theology was once grounded.

Action mediates between potential and kinetic energy (how does this work in harmonic oscillator?) so Maupertuis minimizes L = ∫ dt(KE - PE)

My difference with the church is encapsulated in an element of the difference between Plato and Aristotle. For Plato, forms existed separate from matter. The Platonic forms became paradigms for pure spirits, the doyen of whom is the greatest God. For the ancient version of well ordering was that every set has a greatest member which called first>, the cause of all the lesser elements. The modern version of the principle is just the [opposite].

[page 210]

Transmission of idea = text + encoding.

Not the greatest shall be first but the least shall be first. Now the previous sentence is a piece of text, and having been written can be encoded in many other forms, such as sound, light, stone or the abstract representations of matter we call qubits.

At the theological level of interpretation, one's personality becomes an essential ingredient in the dialogue.

Dialogue is simply represented byt he mathematics of communication.

The central Catholic administration seems to me to be isomorphic to the wealthy slave owning imperial bureaucracy from which is has developed.

Chrsitianity broke the nexus between Church and state, but the nexus remained.

[page 211]

Nexus ≡ correlation.

Theory of communication.

dialogue

Theology and communication.

. . .

Modern scholarship leaves no doubt that Jesus was a very political figure (Thiering). We can read endless meanings into scripture, but the central interest must be be in what the writers were trying to put across to their readers. All comes down to interpretation of text. Thiering

The Church also. The politics of ecumenism. World is fascinated by the politics of ecumenism, particularly that church politics is just as messy as any other politics, throwing some doubt on claims that a Church may be a divine organization pure as the driven snow bringing light and enlightenment to the masses.

This is indicated by the vast sea of doubt that has appeared in the core of Christianity since the Reformation.

[page 212]

Plato had two layers of being which were his forms and the world, the forms real, the world a shadow play on the back of a cave. Allegory of the cave - Wikipedia

all information is physically represented. This is the genius of Agatha Christie type stories. Poirot, Miss Marple, Battle and the rest piece together a history bloodstains, fingerprints and the often unreliable words and behaviour of s set of suspects.

Science approaches the world as a text to be deciphered. As Plto saw, the world is a text if it has stable elements that can be read. It is also dynamic, and here everybody until the birth of quantum mechanics faced an intractable problem.

Aristotle attacked the problem by postulating an symmetry between the before and after states of a change which he called hyle [υλη], Greek for matter. This symmetry did not extend to the whole universe however, because he though the heavens were of a different substance entirely and could not understand how matter

[page 213]

could yield his experience of conscious knowledge and so made the human soul at least partly matter free.

The recent history of theology, recounted by Avis, seems to indicate that we are retracing some of the steps taken by the Greeks: Schleiermacher.

They believed in an afterlife, or some of them, or perhaps the dead just lived on in memory.

All information is materially represented, Plato 100% wrong? Aristotle half right. Science fully right.

Quantum mechanics has many wonders, one of which is superposition, In the mathematical description of a state, many different elements, each of which is not the others, coexist. That is, at this level of truth, both p and not-p are true with a probability adding up to 1.

Monday 27 December 1999
Tuesday 28December 1999

Christianity is based on the belief that we live

[page 214]

on after death. There is no basis for this, One cannot imagine a jury acquitting a murder on the basis that he had not killed his victim, merely moved his life to a new venue.

Distinction between mathematical object per se and coordinate (spatial) representation of same necessary for computation.

R H Robins - A Short History of Linguistics 3rd ed Longmans 1990 Robins

Robins page 53: 'The intellectual background of Greece and Judaea, and the political unity and freedom of intercourse provided by the Roman stability were the conditions in which Christianity arose and spread, to become in the fourth century A.D. the state religion of the Roman Empire.'

page 54: Vergil, Aneid 6, 851-3: 'Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento (hae tibi erunt artes) pacisque imponere morem, parcere subjectis et debellare superbos.'

[page 215]

For rctical purposes the structure of life is induced by finiteness.

A sentence (Λογος) has truth value.

Linking social and personal value.

Robins page 63: Classical Christianity the era from 400 to 14xx, when Church was one and dominant.

page 65: potestas of a figura with a nomen is the actual sound uttered when it is read

Meanings expressed in different languages may be incommensurate.

What is theology? Symbolism and resolution.

We delete manner from the world (no cloning) and deal only with essence and existence. Structure and communication.

The fundamental task is to eliminate war and suicide

Christianity is an ungrounded virtual reality which

[page 219]

needs grounding.

Wednesday 29 December 1999

Avis: The avoidance of science in theology us the avoidance of reality, of grounding, of a link to the whole. It is a temporary corruption, because ungrounded entities cannot last.

Idoru William Gibson, Penguin Gibson

'Once agin Gibson finds new and compelling ways to couch the SF question first asked by Philip K Dick: What is reality? And who is human?'

Avis: this book suffers the same problem as all of Christian theology and scholarship: it is an exploration of an ungrounded virtual world,

Death liberates us all to live. The illusion of eternity is anti-life!

A closed system is one based on an irrevocable acceptance of a particular hypothesis or fiction.

[page 219]

The long running distinction between theology and science is to be mapped onto the distinction between relativity and quantum mechanics. And what is this? Quantum mechanics is based on two way communication . . .

I began to see something after I left the order. I enjoyed my time there, particularly my intellectual interaction with my teachers. Also I had lots of friends there [despite] the monastic proscription of special friendships. I used to go back to see them and for a few years things were animated as before, then glazed over, Before this, as it became clear that my situation was precarious were long discussions with various people about what I should do, and the basic tenor was submit. Even at that time, submission seemed dishonest, since it required asserting my assent to something I did not believe. Eventually I discovered Popper's books on the Open Society and its Enemies that heled me to understand what was going on in Plato's mind, It sharpened my view of the tribal / civilised transition in human history. I began to see the Catholic Church as a tribal thing, a rigid male monarchy stretching back

[page 220]

to time immemorial where everyone had a place, mostly serving the hierarchy.

The Church had corporatized an exciting mixture of tribe and empire. It did this by abstracting the structure of a tribe from the ties of blood that create the structure of the natural tribe.

Ditch tribe use family Members of a family are familiar; there is a high probability of communication between them.

We abstract from the content of messages and look only at their volume and topology.

Robins page 84: 'Speculative grammar was the product of the integration of the grammatical descriptions of Latin as formulated By Priscian and Donatus into the system of scholastic philosophy. Scholasticism - Wikipedia, Priscian - Wikipedia

Scholastic philosophy began in a time when the field was open, but became closed, to be reopened by science.

[page 221]

Thought Reform and te Psychology of Totalism [Lifton] Lifton

We al come to theology bearing our own experience of life as data.

Quantum mechanics : reference to the other
General Relativity: reference to self (infinitely fine grained)

Theology as a theory of normative feeling. If one did not have normative feeling, one could be beaten until one did.

Not a direct expression of feeling, but through a proxy called god.

Excommunication, and its contrary, ecumenism, both arise from the very unchristian notion of judging some people worthy of membership and others not in whatever group, us, the sacred ones, them etc etc.

Christian theology must be reopened - Schleiermacher: Reformation = freedom of conscience.

[page 222]

. . .

There is an isomorph of the general theory of relativity as a subroutine in the program of every process in the universe. It is not invoked often, we know, because the gravitational force, ie gravitational correlation of entities, is weak.

What I wish to introduce here seems to me to be the linguistic equivalent of the differential and integral equations to central to physics.

The relationship between god and the world is inclusion, not exclusion. We are in god, not outside it, here god means the whole.

We come to theology bringing ourselves as the dat to be explained. It is for this reason that theology deals with the fundamental questions of self, birth, death, mating, housing, social position etc etc.

[page 223]

Our biology is a 'defined doctrine' within the meaning of the act.

Quantisation is an essential feature of our communication with the other. Continuity in communication with self, because I am always here with myself.

Coveting the gifts of consciousness.

They know about safe sex and they are learning about truth and falsity, honesty and deception in the area in which it is most important, human relationships.

Human relations consultancy. Theology is the theory of management consultancy for the church.

The inventor's purpose is to get the idea into the literature by first understanding and assaying the idea, and then by helping to express it in the chosen language.

The big remix.

The experience I offer as a theological datum

[page 224]

Once cannot be simultaneously all inclusive and normative . . . without formulating the norms widely enough to be all inclusive. The 'bottom up' principle ≡ the combinatorial principle.

Heracleitus → Parmenides → Socrates → Plato → Aristotle → Aquinas → Galileo → Newton → Cantor → Einstein → Deutsch and heaps of others.

Robins page 84: Scholasticism: peace . Aristotle

Mao tortures Pope in the flesh of their servants.

page 85: 'During the Arab occupation of Spain, Toledo in particular was a centre for the translation of Arabic versions of Aristotle into Latin.

The teaching of Thomas was decisive in making him the dominant philosopher in medieval Christian thought.

[page 225]

Move from documentation of language to theory of features [invariants].

free: signification: meaning meaning connotation intension 1
Fixed: supposition instance reference denotation entension 0

foraml - stand for its referent, sex
material - tands for itself, 'sex'

'. . . a theory of language set within the philosophy of the times.'

Theory of language = software engineering.

The best software is designed by descent with modification = object oriented programming.

This book does not mention hermeneutics in the index. Is it in the text? not before 85!

1150: 'Peter Helios wrote a commentary on Priscian in which he sought philospohical explanations for the rules of grammar laid down by him.

ie Explain the structure of language?

Language is definition of process, process pf process . . .

page 86: '. . . thereafter the role of philosopher in grammar was considered a major one.'

Reformers threw off instiutional accumulations to

[page 226]

the text . . .

We begin the search for the universal grammar which was to broaden from a question for the grammar of human language to the grammar of communication in general.

Flattening" language flattens and unflattens [projects up and down the scale of dimension / complexity]

Unity of grammar ≡ unity of geometry [symmetry of language]

Every word points to a class (symmetry) which is why we encounter the same words over and over again, Each is a point in a dimension uised to define a point in a string of words like this, Each sentence asserts the existence of a point in language space, the space { logos }.

Logic works in the moment.

Aristotle is alive is T/F now. At the

[page 227]

stationary moment of each clock pulse, a consistent machine is in a consistent state.

Robins page 87: 'A word includes in itself its sound as it were its matter and its meaning as its form.'

page 88: 'In essence, the grammar of Priscian and Donatus was presented as an accurate reflection of the constitution of reality and the powers of the human mind.'

Modistic system : reality: modus essendi.

. . .

The system will always win because we are indoctrinated by the system [symmetry with respect to complexity gives us a way out]

The Soviet delusion was some sort of rerun of the Christian delusion.

[page 228]

Life must go on. The new system must be built before the old system can be shut down.

Christianity is no longer grounded in reality but in an institution that stands for most things that are erroneous in corporate life.

Solitary - corporate - solitary
Silent - communicative - silent

Thursday 30 December 1999
Friday 31 December 1999

Life constrained by three bodies of information:
ie genome / genotype
menome / menotype
environment.

Linguistics.

Renaissance started in Italy in 14th century
Reformation stated in Germany in 16th century.

Linguistic interest in classics and bible
Bible replace Papacy and priesthood as source of authority.

Luther 95 These 1517. 1492 Columbus. 1453 fall of Constantinople.

Robins page 114: at last a proper theoretical framework for dealing with language change.

- fixed dynamics of articulatory mechanisms vs changing needs of human expression.

page 139: language universals.

. . .

Punctuated equilibrium: We are looking at a transition which began with agriculture and will end when humanity is one organism in harmony with the planet.

page 148: 'interplay or european and american scholarship.'

page 14(: 1786 Sir William Jones linked Sanscrit with Latin, Greek and Germanic languages at Royal Asiatic Society.

[page 230]

'The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is a wonderful structure more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of the verbs and in the forms of grammar, that could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philosopher could examine all three without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. There is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic have the same origin with the Sanskrit.'
See eg C F Hockett, Language 41 (165) 185-204.

Robins page 150: Vedic period 1200-1000 bc.

page 151: 'The preservation without alteration of linguistic material handed down through the generation by oral trnsmission is an artificial process, and attempt to halt what s everywhere the natural outcome of linguistic continuity.

The whole observable process (propositionm slef assertion) of the universe is the λογος, the word of god, and may be modelled as a function on the Cantor Universe.

[page 231]

Defined doctrine is an element of the environment and a feature of a cooperation, If you want to be in the corporationm you have to fit the definition otherwise the immune system will get you.

Corporation - Immunity

Defined Doctrine = a text in the most general [sense].

Saturday 1 January 2000

Copyright:

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Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Anonymous, and Juan Mascaro (translator), The Upanishads, Penguin Classics 1965 Amazon.com Review 'The poetic backbone of Hinduism, the millennia-old Upanishads transcend time. The selections offered here illuminate a path that is as "narrow as the edge of a razor" but pregnant with freedom and bliss. Through vivid metaphors and timeless prose, learn how the path of yoga leads beyond the treacherous web of karma to the final, blissful union of the personal soul, atman, with the universal soul, Brahman.' 
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Ashby, W Ross, An Introduction to Cybernetics, Methuen 1964 'This book is intended to provide [an introduction to cybernetics]. It starts from common-place and well understood concepts, and proceeds step by step to show how these concepts can be made exact, and how they can be developed until they lead into such subjects as feedback, stability, regulation, ultrastability, information, coding, noise and other cybernetic topics' 
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Cantor, Georg, Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers (Translated, with Introduction and Notes by Philip E B Jourdain), Dover 1955 Jacket: 'One of the greatest mathematical classics of all time, this work established a new field of mathematics which was to be of incalculable importance in topology, number theory, analysis, theory of functions, etc, as well as the entire field of modern logic.' 
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Davis, Martin, Computability and Unsolvability, Dover 1982 Preface: 'This book is an introduction to the theory of computability and non-computability ususally referred to as the theory of recursive functions. The subject is concerned with the existence of purely mechanical procedures for solving problems. . . . The existence of absolutely unsolvable problems and the Goedel incompleteness theorem are among the results in the theory of computability that have philosophical significance.' 
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de Soto, Hernando, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else, Basic Books 2000 'The hour of capitalism's greatest triumph is its hour of crisis. The fall of the Berlin Wall ended more than a century of political competition between communism and capitalism. Capitalism stands alone as the only feasible way to rationally organise a modern economy. . . . As a result, with varying degrees of enthusiasm, Third World and former communist nations have balanced their budgets, cut subsidies, welcomed foreign investment, and dropped their tariff barriers. Their efforts have been repaid with bitter disappointment. . . . In this book I intend to demonstrate that the major stumbling block that keeps the rest of the world from benefiting from capitalism is its inability to produce capital. . . . The poor . . . do have things, but they lack the process to represent their property and create capital. The have houses but not titles, crops but not deeds, businesses but not statutes of incorporation. It is the unavailability of these essential representations that explains why people who have adapted every other Western invention, from paper clips to nuclear reactors, have not been able to produce sufficient capital to make their domestic captialism work.' pages 1-7 
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Descartes, Rene, Rules for the direction of the mind: Discourse on the method, Encyclopaedia BritannicaB0006AU8ZG 1955  
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Galilei, Galileo, and Stillman Drake (translator), Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo: Including the Starry Messenger (1610 Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina), Doubleday Anchor 1957 Amazon: 'Although the introductory sections are a bit dated, this book contains some of the best translations available of Galileo's works in English. It includes a broad range of his theories (both those we recognize as "correct" and those in which he was "in error"). Both types indicate his creativity. The reproductions of his sketches of the moons of Jupiter (in "The Starry Messenger") are accurate enough to match to modern computer programs which show the positions of the moons for any date in history. The appendix with a chronological summary of Galileo's life is very useful in placing the readings in context.' A Reader. 
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Gibson, William, Idoru, 2011 'Tokyo, post-event: After an attack of scruples, Colin Laney's skipped out on his former employer Slitscan - avoiding the rash of media lawyers sent his way - and taken a job for the outfit managing Japanese rock duo, Lo/Rez. Rez has announced he's going to marry an 'idoru' by the name of Rei Toi - she exists only in virtual reality - and this creates complications that Laney, a net runner, is supposed to sort out. But when Chai, part of Lo/Rez's fan club, turns up unaware that she's carrying illegal nanoware for the Russian Kombinat, Laney's scruples nudge him towards trouble all over again. And this time lawyers'll be the least of his worries . . .' 
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Jech, Thomas, Set Theory, Springer 1997 Jacket: 'This book covers major areas of modern set theory: cardinal arithmetic, constructible sets, forcing and Boolean-valued models, large cardinals and descriptive set theory. ... It can be used as a textbook for a graduate course in set theory and can serve as a reference book.' 
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Joachim, Howard H, and Errol E Harris, Descartes' Rules for the Directionof the Mind, Thoemmes Press: New Ed edition 1997 Product Description: Taken from the original manuscripts of Joachim's lectures on the Regulae of Descartes, this volume was reconstructed after his death from notes taken by his pupils Errol Harris and John Austin. A critical examination of the main rules for the direction of the mind and the expositions by which Descartes explains them, the work contains commentary on five main topics: the power of knowing, the nature of the intellect, Descartes's account of induction and deduction, Descartes's method of analysis and synthesis, and the notice of vera mathesis. Joachim then goes on to criticize Descartes's method and to expound his own doctrine of philosophical analysis. The last chapter offers his own concrete organic unities in opposition to the Cartesian complex natures.' Amazon 
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Lifton, Robert Jay, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: a study of 'brainwashing' in China, 1989 Jacket: 'Brainwashing has often been described in sensational terms; but Dr Lifton's painstaking investigation of Thought Reform is based on psychological studies (with follow up interviews) of Western civilians and Chinese intellectuals who underwent the process in a variety of prisons, universities and other settings."  
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Mascaro, Juan, and (translator), The Bhagavad Gita, Penguin Books 1962-1968  
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Thiering, Barbara, Jesus of the Apocalypse: The life of Jesus after the crucifixion, Doubleday 1996 Introduction: 'It is now possible to show that ... the bizarre images of the [Book of Revelation] were deliberately constructed ... to read like fantastic images but to convey through this form actual historical information. ... Above all the Book of Revelation contains evidence, supplied by the early Christians themselves, that Jesus survived the crucifixion and remained active for many years afterwards. ... " vi 
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Papers
Barasch, Jonathan, Kiyosho Mori, "", Nature, 432, 7019, 16 December 2004, page 811-812. 'Bacteria have many ways of stealing iron from the organisms they infect. But this thievery is not one-sided, and a newly discovered device in the mammalian tool kit does a good job of keeping bacteria in check.. back
Dobson, Christopher M, "Chemical Space and Biology", Nature, 432, 7019, 16 December 2004, page 824-828. 'Chemical space - which encompasses all possible small organic molecules, including those present in biological systems - is vast. So vast in fact that so far only a tiny fraction of it has been explored. Nevertheless, these explorations have greatly enhanced our understanding of biology, and have led to the development of many of today's drugs. The discovery of new bioactive molecules, facilitated by a deeper understanding of the nature of the regions of chemical space that are relevant to biology, will advance our knowledge of biological proceses and lead to new strategies to treat disease. '. back
Narashima, Roddam, "Essay Concepts: Divide, conquer and unify", Nature, 432, 7019, 16 December 2004, page 807. 'Werner Heisenberg said that Prandtl had "the ability to see the solution of equations without going through the calculations". Prandtl demurred, "No, I strive to form in my mind a thorough picture . . . the equations come only later when I believe I have understood . .. [and are] good means of proving my conclusions in a way that others can accept." His papers have a simplicity and directness born of supreme self-confidence. They do not trumpet their success or criticize others, but just get on with solving the central problems using all the tools available - observation (plenty of it), mathematics, calculation and modelling. Prandtl's methodological eclecticism set the style of fluid dynamics reseach in the twentieth century. No wonder G. I. Taylor called him 'our chief' and helped nominate Prandtl for the Nobel prize he never won.'. back
Shannon, Claude E, "The mathematical theory of communication", Bell System Technical Journal, 27, , July and October, 1948, page 379-423, 623-656. 'A Note on the Edition Claude Shannon's ``A mathematical theory of communication'' was first published in two parts in the July and October 1948 editions of the Bell System Technical Journal [1]. The paper has appeared in a number of republications since: • The original 1948 version was reproduced in the collection Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory [2]. The paper also appears in Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers [3]. The text of the latter is a reproduction from the Bell Telephone System Technical Publications, a series of monographs by engineers and scientists of the Bell System published in the BSTJ and elsewhere. This version has correct section numbering (the BSTJ version has two sections numbered 21), and as far as we can tell, this is the only difference from the BSTJ version. • Prefaced by Warren Weaver's introduction, ``Recent contributions to the mathematical theory of communication,'' the paper was included in The Mathematical Theory of Communication, published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949 [4]. The text in this book differs from the original mainly in the following points: • the title is changed to ``The mathematical theory of communication'' and some sections have new headings, • Appendix 4 is rewritten, • the references to unpublished material have been updated to refer to the published material. The text we present here is based on the BSTJ version with a number of corrections.. back
Turing, Alan, "On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2, 42, 12 November 1937, page 230-265. 'The "computable" numbers maybe described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost as easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integrable variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique. I hope shortly to give an account of the rewlations of the computable numbers, functions and so forth to one another. This will include a development of the theory of functions of a real variable expressed in terms of computable numbers. According to my definition, a number is computable if its decimal can be written down by a machine'. back
Links
Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron - Wikipedia, Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron (7 December 1731-17 January 1805) was the first professional French scholar of Indian culture. He conceived the institutional framework for the new profession. He inspired the founding of the Ecole francaise d'extreme orient a century after his death and, later still, the founding of the Institut francais de Pondichery.' back
Alan Turing, On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem, 'The “computable” numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates, and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique.' back
Alan Turing, On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem, 'The "computable" numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by some finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable of a real or computable variable, computable predicates and so forth. . . . ' back
Allegory of the cave - Wikipedia, Allegory of the cave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Plato has Socrates describe a gathering of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall by things passing in front of a fire behind them, and begin to designate names to these shadows. The shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality. He then explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall do not make up reality at all, as he can perceive the true form of reality rather than the mere shadows seen by the prisoners.' back
Claude E Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 'The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Frequently the messages have meaning; that is they refer to or are correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual entities. These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem. The significant aspect is that the actual message is one selected from a set of possible messages.' back
Clive Irving, Air France 447 Report: How the Plane Went Down, 'A new report mostly blames pilot error for the tragic 2009 airplane crash. Clive Irving asks why pilots should be faulted for having to cope with serious technical failures.' back
Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastes 12:12: . . . of makingmany books there is no end, 'King James Bible (Cambridge Ed.) And further, by these, my son, be admonished: of making many books there is no end; and much study is a weariness of the flesh.' back
Justin Romberg, Nyquist Theorem, The Connections Project, Rice University: 'The fundamental theorem of DSP [digital signal processing]' back
King James Bible, Psalms 82:6 I have said . . . , 'Viewing the 1769 King James Version. Click to switch to 1611 King James Version of Psalms 82:6

I have said, Ye [are] gods; and all of you [are] children of the most High.

- 1769 Oxford King James Bible 'Authorized Version' back

Laurence Frost & Heather Smith, Air France Crash Criminal Probe Shows Scope of Crew Errors, 'Air France Flight 447’s crew reacted badly to an autopilot shutdown and misread instruments showing the plane’s rapid descent before it plunged into the Atlantic, killing all 228 people aboard, a report shows.' back
Priscian - Wikipedia, Priscian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopdia, 'Priscianus Caesariensis (fl. 500 AD), commonly known as Priscian . . . was a Latin grammarian. He wrote the Institutiones grammaticae ("Grammatical Foundations") on the subject. This work was the standard textbook for the study of Latin during the Middle Ages and provided the raw material for the field of speculative grammar.' back
Psalm 82, Psalms, chapter 82, 6I declare: “Gods though you be,*d offspring of the Most High all of you, 7Yet like any mortal you shall die; like any prince you shall fall.” back
Scholasticism - Wikipedia, Scholasticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics," or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context. It originated as an outgrowth of, and a departure from, Christian monastic schools at the earliest European universities.' back

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