natural theology

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vol VII: Notes

2012

Notes

[Sunday 22 July 2012 - Saturday 28 July 2012]

[Notebook: DB 72 Energaia]

[page 145]

Sunday 22 July 2012

Zygon: Is the Universe Divine? - a commentary on the simplicity of God 5-9 kwords.

Gödel showed us how a system can represent itself and the limits to which it can act upon itself. It gives us a way to understand creation, the transition from infinite to finite. That is what we are trying to do, produce a finite set of words to represent the finite side of creation.

You have no concept of how much I love you for doing it, a finite action representing an infinite reality, fixed points in the cloud of unknowing, landmarks in the whiteout. Anonymous The Cloud of Unknowing

An observation of modern media suggests that the mot powerful channel to the human soul is song writing, and hopefully that will begin when the saga finally coalesces into a simple recursive algorithm for survival and love, a pipe to put the infinite to our own use, sustainably.

Vulgarity: getting down into the hardware of life.

In the language of tradition this site (sight) is a work of prophecy, a revelation of God which will both illuminate and eliminate the false Gods of the past. The Old testament is a campaign against idols which moves God into the invisible, showing himself only to Moses.

{Experimenters, theoreticians} = science

[page 146]

A star crossed love affair. All moves into the unknown are by definition unplannable and so have a random element since we are working our way by finding computable functions (steps across the present spacelike slice) amid the vast space of incomputable functions, This goes for people as well as well as for quantum systems and . . . nations.

CHURCH - NATION (living God, living World)

The God Particle is a joke. If anything, God is not a particle but the whole assembly of particles we call the Universe, which includes us as subassemblies,. We use particle very broadly as an discrete entity, regardless of size. I am a particle. Although we like to think of particles as completely distinct, orthogonal, this orthogonality is broken by the fact that all particles are descended from common ancestors and so entangled, and always in communication with one another so changing their nature, as I communicating with myself and all the authors I read am slowly nurturing a new reality within myself which I will eventually be able to propagate to others and perhaps put human cooperative affairs on a sounder footing that laissez faire.

All subassemblies in communication with one another through welds, bolts, [particle exchange,] data channels etc.

[page 147]

Every signal is a 'living' particle. Following Newton's first law, we tke the position that memory is nothing, no action, and that the only interesting thing is action, that is change of memory, So the leaves of the transfinite tree are memories that change by communicating with one another through the branches of the tree. We can focus on any point of the tree by looking at local roots and leaves. This is the way the Universe itself is segregated into entities, each of which is a root leading to one or more leaves whose changes are the life of the root.

Metabolism: 'the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.' Oxford English Dictionary. Lazar and Birnbaum Science 336:1651.

Schrödinger What is Life? CUP 1944. Schrödinger

Permutation of chemical pathways, Milo & Last Science 336:1663.

A computer gate is like an enzyme promoting one outcome at the expense of all other possibilities.

Cosmic metabolism: Chemical signal, protein processor.

Rise of chemodiversity in plants = creation, Weng, Philippe and Noel.

Zygon: traditional Western theology maintains that God and the Universe are two absolutely distinct entities, the Universe being created and maintained by God. Here we explore the alternative

[page 148]

hypothesis, that God and the Universe are two different names for the same entity, The exploration of this hypothesis is motivated by the potential advantages of this point of view.

Theology becomes a science

We are inside God and part of it, so it need no longer be mysterious.

Unity based on a common theory of everything, We can put questions of everyday life into an agreed theological context, the better to reach an agreed strategy for dealing with them.

The transfinite tree. Logical ladder. Schild's ladder. How does general relativity understand the flow of events through the present spacelike slice? my present is a snapsht, taken at all different shutter speeds (a bit like an energy wave packet).

One needs motivation moment to moment to keep the job going. Much motivation is provided by momentum, which can come from camaraderie on the job.

So we construct a model of the world, show that it is compatible with both the phenomena and the verified parts of current models of the world, and then demonstrate that it can take us closer to the world than the older models.

Monday 23 July 2012

[page 149]

Wigner: 'Part of the art and skill of the engineer and the experimental physicist [and all other managers] is to create conditions in which certain events are sure to occur. Nevertheless, there are always events which are unforeseeable.' page 29. Wigner

page 31: Time displacement invariance: 'the correlations between events depends only on the time intervals between the events; they do not depend on when the first event took place'. ['took place' = appeared in space]

page 36: The universal invariance is the mechanism of creation. symmetry, broken symmetry, which works at all levels, physical and psychological.

page 38: Events, laws of nature, symmetry principles. Crombie Augustine to Galileo Crombie

page 40: 'The surpising discovery of Newton's age is just the clear separation of laws of nature on the one hand and initial conditions on the other.' ie variable inputs (initial conditions) to determinate processes (laws).

page 43: '. . . the invariance transformations do not change the events, they only change their location in space and time and their state of motion.'

page 155: 'The possible states of a system can be characterized according to quantum-mechanical theory, by state vectors. these state vectors -- and this is an almost verbatim quote from von Neuman -- change in two ways. As a result of the passage of time they change continuously according to Schrödinger's time dependent equation -- this equation will be called the equation of motiomn of quantum mechanics. The state vector also changes discontinuously, according to probability laws, if a measurement is carried out on a system. This second type of change is often called the reduction of the wavefunction. It is this reduction of the state vector which is unacceptable to many of our colleagues.'

Wigner, page 162: '. . . the characteristic values of the density matrix are constants of the motion.' [a basis?]

page 166: '. . . the state vector is only a shorthand expression of that part of our information concerning the past of the system which is relevant to predicting (as far as possible) the future behaviour thereof.'

page 173: 'Given any object, all the possible knowledge concerning that object can be given as its wave function . . . composed of a (countable) infinity of numbers. . . . the wave function permits one to foretell with what probabilities the object will make one or another impression on us if we let it interact with us . . . '

page 186: '"the reduction of the wave packet" . . . takes place whenever the result of an observation enters the consciousness o the observer.' which need not be a physicist but might be an atom experiencing a change of atomic state.

[page 151]

Wigner page 188: '. . . the "reduction of the wave packet" enters quantum mechanical theory as a deus ex machina without any relation to the other laws of the theory.'

The resolution of momentum and locality ΔpΔx ≈ h. To measure its momentum we have t let it move, which makes it hard to measure position and vice versa, very obvious, maybe.

Tuesday 24 July 2012

Once again we begin to study the relationship between complex amplitudes and quantum mechanics as a description of network operations, with Feynman's help. We begin with the eigenvalue equation AΨ = aΨ which yields both eigenfunctions Ψ and eigenvalues a corresponding to the operator A. We consider the eigenfunctions to be computable functions and the a to be the amplitudes corresponding to this functions, telling us the probability that eigenfunction Ψi will be executed with probability f(ai).

Feynman III, 3-6: the 'and' function is implements by multiplication, so if particle goes from s to x via 1, we write ψ1 = <x|1><1|s>. On the other hand we sum alternative paths.

Final condition is when we convert to probability by squaring absolute value of amplitude |ψ|2

sequence - multiply
parallel - add [amplitudes]

[page 152]

I am living in a fantasy world if I think I can produce a new and different interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Feynman 3-7: '. . . do not add amplitudes for different final conditions, where by final we mean at that moment the probability is desired -- that is then the experiment is "finished'. You do add the amplitudes of the different indistinguishable alternatives inside the experiment, before the complete process is finished.'

What drives me here is faith that I can somehow interpret quantum mechanics in a way that is consistent with the divinity of the Universe, but I am very vague about what this means. The 'end of the experiment is a stationary point in the dynamics, that is an observable signal. The invisible computation of amplitudes and possibilities is done with complex functions which can be interpreted as pairs of real functions coupled by the Cauchy-Riemann equations. These functions are in 'perpetual motion' described by a complex exponential "ψ = eit" whose algorithmic information content is equal to that of the expression in " ". The evolution of this function is a realization of arithmetic, ie adding and subtracting 'units', ie linear superposition.

Time for the principle of invariance with respect to complexity. Insofar as I live in a cash economy, my day to day task is to maintain the cashflow necessary to maintain my life at a level sufficient to obtain the cashflow . . . . This cash is necessary both for consumption and for the maintenance of the capital goods that make my life possible and worthwhile, principally myself. How does this apply to physics? The basic entity is the quantum of action which is observable because an action, by definition,

[page 153]

changes something. The action is complete when the change is observed, ie two entities have changed their internal states in unison by the exchange of some signal. The signal is defined by the changes associated with it and the changes are defined by the signal. This duality is necessary for explanation and we now assume (moving from self to physics) that the duality is also necessary for execution, hence the need for complex (dual, 2D) numbers. Perhaps the fundamental invariant in the Universe is the Cauchy-Riemann equations.

Amplitudes are transparent. We do not see them, but we see their effects, just as we only see the effects on the computer screen wrought by all the processing behind it.

The only thing we need to know for the Zygon article is that each quantum event in the Universe has the power of a Turing machine,. Sop we are led to interpret the play of amplitudes as a computation process, eigenfunction = Turing machine, {eigenfunction} = universal Turing machine.

A computer can manipulate text just as it can do arithmetic. Most of the computation in a network is manipulation of strings if symbols in a meaningful way, ie changes to software must leave it operational and efficient at its task.

The standard of writing goes down as the hand gets colder and the ideas (sentences) come faster.

The difficult thing is to work out what to do. ASfter that it is just work.

Probability (randomness) arises from symmetry, a flat

[page 254]

potential. A fair die has no predilection for any face so there is no reason why a particlar face should show, and they appear randomly from successive tosses. Quantum mechanics is a little less random, since different eigenfunctions have different weights and are represented in proportion to their weights normalized by the requirement Σ |φi]2 = 1 = Σ φφ*. Working my way down from the metaphysical to the numerical.

Trace mathematical development to Turing. Then follow physics from Cantor / Planck to Einstein gravitation, quantum field theory, 'collapse of φ -> quantum - Shannon - network. Turing machine erases so irreversible,. How do we build a quantum coin tosser = 1 input, 2 equiprobable outputs, the opposite in a way of all 2 input one output gates.

Theory of digital logic.

A logical version of the quantum harmonic oscillator, creating and annihilating photons of various frequencies. Not so much a logical version as a logical interpretation.

From metaphysics to mathematics. The world is a nest of bits of logical continuity communicating with one another at the ends ('string theory'), ie the inputs and outputs of computations.

CPU instructs memory to read out certain data and transforms this data into an output and determines where to write it in memory for future use.

All this writing is in some sense digital logic (even

[page 255]

though it is semi 'running writing'. Each sentence exists in a space which is the tensor product of the spaces of each word, each word a product of the spaces of the letters and so on down to atoms and beyond.

Identical particles: indistinguishable events interfere. -- this has got something to do with symmetry - indistinguishability. Feynman 3-9.

Simple ==<> complex = linear to non-linear.

Linear means the output is linearly related to input. [continuity]
Non-linear

So we have linear and non-linear functions. Are the logical functions linear? They are completely defined by their truth tables, which are expressed in terms of discrete variables. In physics the 0 and the 1 are things, eg lights on / lights off, high / low voltage, current, pressure, temperature etc,. Things are conserved. The principle of conservation of of stuff. I lost my glasses in a few square metres of long grass. I know they are thee but I have not found them yet (partly because I do not like having to use them). I am moving to high intensity led light.

So the logic must be built on the conservation laws and symmetries of physics, using discrete states et spin up / down etc. It is the existence of discrete states that makes the whole thing possible, ie error free communication. A structure is a network. A stable structure is an error free network. Loneliness drives me on. I have to become visible enough to attract like minded people, but do

[page 156]

not yet have the story distilled pure enough.

DISCRETENESS and LOGICAL CONTINUITY not
CONTINUITY and PHYSICAL CONTINUITY

On continuity. AJPhilosophy. John L Bell

Philosophical discussion is all about the logical continuioty of our concepts of the world. Nevertheless philosophers are inclined to attribute mere physical continuity to the physical world, even though it made us with our wonderful intelligence (quite often not).

Our society is founded on a set of denials: The World is not Divine, humanity ids not affecting geophysiology, we are not like the other animals, the world is not discrete, giving everyone guns and too much food does not lead to a nation of murderously obese people -- self destruction (apoptosis) in the face of existential despair: I am not fit to live. The fit to live are those who see themselves truly as fit to live.

How is a network linear = when it is pipework carrying a conserved current. Higher layers add meaning,. All the gates in a machine are fundamentally identical, distinguished by their place in the computational process.

The generally covariant processor can be loaded anywhere in memory and will offset all its address pointers accordingly. Motorola 6809. Motorola 6809 - Wikipedia

[page 157]

General covariance depends upon the identity [universality] of all the processors, there is only one role and they can all play it. This is where thing are linear and simply add together as units. Quantum mechanics employs two orthogonal sets of units, the real and the complex. Additively they are identical, but multiplicatively they differ, since 1 × 1 = 1, i × i = −1.

What is the physical interpretation of multiplication? One way to look at it is that it is serial addition, but how can this account for i × i = −1? There is magic here which we cover up to some extent by seeing complex functions as two real functions, although the Cauchy-Riemann thing is a strong constraint, perhaps the fundamental constraint in the Universe (since it seems meaningless to speak of constraint when the Universe has only one degree of freedom, the march of time which is still with us behind all the complexity, the fundamental hardware, pure act. So we experience pure act as time. Do I mean this?

One can build a philosophy around the complex exponentials and the gamma function [continuous permutation].

Complex numbers are not observable, so the mechanism of quantum mechanics (or any other theory) must make eigenvalues real out of complex amplitudes.

We build analysis by building numbersm, first integralm, then rational, real, complex, vector, tensor . . . ? . . . Turing machine [a 'living' (immanent action) number]

[page 158]

The magical quality of mathematics. The complex domain is perhaps the realm of possibility -- infinitely larger than the world of reality and so continuous with respect to this quantized model of actual messages and it is the possibilities encoded as complex exponentials that give structure to the world by establishing the probabilities of various events on the scale 0 (never) to 1 (always).

Mentally, I am about 2500 years old, born with Parmenides.

Feeling a bit decrepit half an hour ago, but much better now that I have written a few paragraphs that seem to help the general drift. Which is that the complex imaginaries serve to join the reals into a real Aristotelian continuum rather than the Cantor continuum of many points.

Complex numbers provide solutions where real numbers cannot, imaginary solutions, a bit like magic. Their widespread utility suggests that they truly tell us something about the Universe.

The reals are not continuous but they are plentiful.

Continuity requires duality like an overlapping chain.

Insofar as time is the Universal parameter, all physical equations are differentiated and integrated with respect to time. This is what we like about the Lagrangian.

So how do complex numbers embody continuity?

So what we are saying (as so many times before) is that

[page 169]

we can understand the Universe correctly if we understand out own thought processes, and insofar as we misunderstand our own thought processes, we are liable to misunderstand the Universe.

These notes provide the imaginary background of continuity to my more succinct attempts to express myself, which people find disjointed and unintelligible, certainly not ready for publication.

I've been complex for a long time but now is the time to start getting real. How, p = φφ*, project the complex amplitude onto the real line.

Cartesian visualization, we give all the points coordinates thd then deal with the coordinate representations arithmetically / algebraically.

My life has followed a pretty constant trajectory. Apparently I was quite good at looking holy when I was a child, no matter what I was actually thinking, and the time is nearing when i might be able to project a similar image for my own enrichment and the good of the world as well.

We reinterpret physics as God's body.

How does the network distinguish bosons from fermions? Bosons are the messages, fermions the nodes, electron talks to electron via the photons which 'deform' the dynamics of the electrons, gauge theory.

Wednesday 25 July 2012
Thursday 26 July 2012

Time, eternity and pure act. Life is 'self motion'

motion is a sequence of states and the only way we can manage a sequence of states is in a time ordered series of fixed points. What is eternal about the Universe is that t is totally self contained, existing independently of anything 'outside' and has a fixed creative nature which accounts for its visible structure.

We go through Aquinas' treatise on God reinterpreting it in light of the hypothesis that the Universe is divine, beginning from the proof that the Universe is not divine (I, q2). Aquinas 13

We work on the assumption that we and the world exist, and that this existence is an attribute of God, whether the Universe is divne or not.

Each quantum mechanical matrix (eg Hamiltonian) represents a set of linear simultaneous equations whose solutions are a set of orthogonal eigenfunctions (eigenvectors) with which are associated eigenvalues of observable quantities. These eigenvalues are essentially signals that convey a real (and perhaps integral) number.

Eigenvectors are the vectors for which the operator is linear, ie Ax = ax, and these and these alone are selected for transmission from one quantum system to another. There are 0 eigenvectors, each representing one of the 0 Turing machines ie physically feasible computations (deterministic systems) are linear. Creativity and unpredictability come with indeterminism. Quantum mechanical systems are preconscious insofar as they do not have any memory in which to model themselves.

[page 161]

Fixed points are linear, dynamic points non-linear (complex).

So two constraints on quantum mechanics, linearity and duality (complexity).

The Universe began as an idolated quantum system and will always be so, a linear superposition of time intervals ranging from 0 to 0. The only bounds are logical confinement.

Another axiom: a stable system must be error free. QWe live as long as we do not encounter a fatal error.

Layered strategy: fall back and reboot.

There is an atom, the quantum of action, and it manifests as energy, φ = eiH

Friday 27 July 2012

Back to another old question: does spacetime apply to quantum amplitudes or is quantum theory prior to spacetime, spacetime being built on a quantum mechanical foundation? The latter approach would greatly simplify matters, since then we do not have to take special relativity 'inside' Hilbert space, with, as Veltman says, huge transformation in Hilbert space corresponding to the lorentz transformations outside it. I am motivated to the latter view, since Lorentz theory applies to all classical objects, no matter how big they may be, and quantum theory is self sufficient in the time / energy domain, without reference to space. When we bring

[page 162]

mathematically continuous space inside quantum mechanics, we often end up taking the limit to zero spatial distances and the problem of infinities sets in. These are heuristic speculations and the proof of the idea must be in actual calculations based on applying the Lorentz transformation after the reduction of the wave packed. So off to Peskin and Schroeder in order to lean how to do such a calculation and come up with a definitive result which agrees with the observed data. Here lies the fundamental physical result that seems to be forced upon me every time I begin to argue that the Universe is divine. Somehow i am bound to my initial perception that a parallel reinterpretation of both physics and theology are required to produce a consistent model of God uniting both God's 'body'. studied by physics, with God's 'soul' studied by theology.

It is clear to me now that we can base the transfinite network model on a quantized signalling process such as we observe in the Universe at every scale, and which is capable of explaining everything we observe from the atomic scale on up. The task is to take this picture down to the initial singularity, so that it provides an explanation for all that we observe, given simply that the Universe exists as a quantum of action.. Dimensional analysis suggests that action and the velocity of light are the things we must talk about, and that the natural starting point must be spin , the simplest manifestation of action nicely closed and representable by periodic functions of time we call phase, eit

h = ML2T−1

[page 163]

'Actus purus', now demoythologized to the quantum of action. The fundamental symmetry of the Universe,. Every event is a quantum of action. The ancients already know that the heart of the divinity is inherently dynamic, but they were puzzled by the presence of static structure in the dynamics. This puzzle is solved by fixed point theorems. Fixed point theorem - Wikipedia

CONTINUOUS - COMPLETE

What we would like to prove is that applying the Lorentz transformation after the collapse of the wave packet gives the same results as applying the Lorentz transformation to the amplitude.

Act like a peer of the Pope? Why not? Because authority in natural religion flows from divine nature, not Papal fiat

The physical continuity model of determinism (used in most calculus based calculations) is but a small fraction of the total number of logically deterministic processes. (?)

Like the special theory of relativity, i want my explanation of whatever to be so precise and accurate that no one can fault it, a sort of proof in other words. Can I do that? My experience so far has been rather discouraging, but I put that down to the distance between my idea and tradition rather than defects in the exposition, or maybe I am trying to get into the wrong genre.

All actions are observable insofar as action is an observation, that is, an act of communication, that is a coupled change of state in communicating entities.

[page 164]

So before Peskin and Schroeder, time for another look at Tomonaga. The 'demonstratio crucis' which would make me feel a lot more secure about all this would be an explanation of the distinction in nature between bosons (particle defined by energy alone) and fermions (particles with a relationship to space). Peskin & Schroeder, Tomonaga

Feynman III, 4-3: 'Why is it that particles with half integral spin are Fermi articles whose amplitudes ass with a minus sign, whereas particles with integral spin are Bose particles whose amplitudes add with a positive sign? . . . An explanation has been worked out by Pauli from complicated arguments of quantum field theory and relativity. He has shown that the two must necessarily go together, but we have not been able to find a way of reproducing his arguments on an elementary level. It appears to be one of the few places in physics where there is a rule that can be stated very simply, but for which no one has a simple and easy explanation. . . . This probably means that we do not have a complete understanding of the fundamental principle involved.

Long title: Are quantum ampliotudes subject to Lorentz transformation or do such transformations only apply to observations? amplitude_lorentz

The standard assumption is that quantum field theories are functions whose domains are a continuous spacetime with a fixed maximum velocity and a signature 1, −1, −1, −1.

As i sit here, more or less immobile, time goes by. Any velocity may be substituted for c in Lorentz transformations. Time is real and you are always in it. Any space other than here is imaginary, reached by communication.

[page 165]

Since a long time ago I have wanted to produce work that would be worth a Nobel Prize both for Physics and Peace (theology). Like J Caesar, I am ambitious, but unlike, pretty powerless to achieve my ambition. My only talent is steady persistence which might win out in a stochastic world.

Tomonaga's translator (Takeshi Oka) Preface: 'The existence of spin and the statistics associated with it, is the most subtle and ingenious design of Nature—without it the whole Universe would collapse.' (? gravitation)

Maybe the splitting of spin 1 (the whole quantum of action) into spin ±½ is a manifestation of the split into potential and kinetic energy, the opposite spin being the potential associated with the actual (kinetic) spin.

Tomonaga page 2: 'space quantization of angular momentum [a set of signals]. From this space quantization the Zeeman effect arises and a single energy level will split into 2k+1 levels in the presence of an external magnetic field. (However this notion will be gradually modified later).'

'In a transition, k changes only by ±1, and m changes by ±1 or 0.'

'radiant elelctron', 'core electrons'

page 3: Spectral terms are combinations of n, k, j and m.

[page 165]

Every transition is both a changed of 1 qwuntum of a yion associated with a certain energy or momentum, the frequency or wave number of the line.

Digital philosophyDigital philosophy - Wikipedia

As I feel more secure in my belief, I feel more mellow. I do not hate the clergy who brought me up or the Church they worked for. I think they were wrong, but they acted on their beliefs and on the whole their hearts were probably in the right place. My trouble was more doctrinal than emotional, it seems that the good emotions were being evaded by false doctrine, the sort of thing governments use to keep their people docile, since it is cheaper than overt violence, although [some] may prefer violence because it is quite easy to understand. Kill the dissidents to keep the faith intact.

So my plan is to rebuild the doctrinal foundations of the Church in a way that will nudge its perception of doing good in the right direction, evidence based, free, democratic charity rather than the peculiar understanding of love and violence that inhabits a Church which prizes above all celibacy and martyrdom.

Most of the problems in the world come down to a lack of consistency between human institutions and human nature engendered, ultimately, but he potential to increase population, the creative potential which manifests as the Cantor force, the gradient toward increased entropy. Human groups have had to fight for the space in the human niche, some have succeeded better than other, the ones we have come to call the ruling class that enslave the rest for their own

[page 167]

benefit. The fundamenal role of a Church is to flatten the gradient between rulers and ruled to zero (self government) so maximizing the peace and entropy of the community, and collaterally, making it more stable, since maximum entropy provides a means of dealing with errors, as Shannon has shown.

The flavour of what I am up against: Vatican Malachi Martin Martin

Saturday 28 July 2012

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Further reading

Books

Click on the "Amazon" link below each book entry to see details of a book (and possibly buy it!)

Anonymous, The Cloud of Unknowing, HarperOne 2004 Book Description 'Written by an anonymous English monk during the late fourteenth century, The Cloud of Unknowing is a sublime expression of what separates God from humanity and is widely regarded as a hallmark of Western literature and spirituality. A work of simplicity, courage, and lucidity, it is a contemplative classic on the deep mysteries of faith. "Lift up your heart to God with a humble impulse of love and have himself as your aim, not any of his goods ... Set yourself to rest in this darkness, always crying out after him whom you love. For if you are to experience him or to see him at all, insofar as it is possible here, it must always be in this cloud and in this darkness." –– The Cloud of Unknowing' 
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Christie, Agatha, Elephants Can Remember, Bantam Books 1984 'A Classic example of the ingenious three-card trick she has been playing on us for so many years.' Sunday Express 
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Crombie, A C, The History of Science from Augustine to Galileo, Dover Publications 1996 Amazon customer review: 'This is a very widely encompassing account of the evolution and development of science through history. The considerations of the sociopolitical and philosophical climates pertaining to the times gives the reader a basis of understanding why science progressed as it did. The account is very well organised and lucid, although it fails in some aspects to consider the contributions of the Far Eastern civilizations. It makes a very valuable contribution to help appreciate acutely the value of those who contributed to science's development.' A Customer  
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Electronic Frontier Foundation, , Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Policies and Chip Design, O'Reilly and Associates 1998 Jacket: 'Sometimes you have to do good engineering to straighten out twisted politics. The Electronic Frontier Foundation has done so by exploding the government-supported myth that the Data Encryption Standard (DES) has real security. National Security Agency and FBI officials say our civil liberties must be curtailed because the government can't crack the security of DES to wiretap bad guys. Bu somehow a tiny nonprofit has designed and built a $200 000 machine that can crack DES in a week. Who's lying and why? For the first time, the book reveals full technical details on how researchers and data recovery engineers can build a working DES Cracker.  
Amazon
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Electronic Frontier Foundation, , Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Policies and Chip Design, O'Reilly and Associates 1998 Jacket: 'Sometimes you have to do good engineering to straighten out twisted politics. The Electronic Frontier Foundaiton has done so by exploding the government-supported myth that the Data Encryption Stanbdard (DES) has real security. National Security Agency and FBI officials say our civil liberties must be curtailed because the government can't crack the security of DES to wiretap bad guys. Bu somehow a tiny nonprofit has designed and built a $200 000 machine that can crack DES in a week. Who's lying and why? For the first time, the book reveals full technical details on how researchers and data recovery engineers can build a working DES Cracker.  
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Feynman, Richard P, and Robert B Leighton, Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (volume 3) : Quantum Mechanics, Addison Wesley 1970 Foreword: 'This set of lectures tries to elucidate from the beginning those features of quantum mechanics which are the most basic and the most general. ... In each instance the ideas are introduced together with a detailed discussion of some specific examples - to try to make the physical ideas as real as possible.' Matthew Sands 
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Hallett, Michael, Cantorian set theory and limitation of size, Oxford UP 1984 Jacket: 'This book will be of use to a wide audience, from beginning students of set theory (who can gain from it a sense of how the subject reached its present form), to mathematical set theorists (who will find an expert guide to the early literature), and for anyone concerned with the philosophy of mathematics (who will be interested by the extensive and perceptive discussion of the set concept).' Daniel Isaacson. 
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Landecker, Hannah, Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies, Harvard University Press 2007 Amazon New Scientist : 'The discovery that it was possible to grow cells in a lab dish transformed them from being the immutable building blocks of individual bodies into plastic, malleable resources with a life of their own. In Culturing Life, anthropologist Hannah Landecker skillfully interweaves the scientific, historical, and cultural aspects of this transformation, and examines how cell culture challenges humanity's notions of individuality and immortality...An insightful and thought-provoking perspective on how technology has changed scientists' and society's understanding of life.' --Claire Ainsworth 
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Lo, Hoi-Kwong, and Tim Spiller, Sandra Popescu, Introduction to Quantum Computation and Information, World Scientific 1998 Jacket: 'This book provides a pedagogical introduction to the subjects of quantum information and computation. Topics include non-locality of quantum mechanics, quantum computation, quantum cryptography, quantum error correction, fault tolerant quantum computation, as well as some experimental aspects of quantum computation and quantum cryptography. A knowledge of basic quantum mechanics is assumed.' 
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Lonergan, Bernard J F, and Robert M. Doran, Frederick E. Crowe (eds), Verbum : Word and Idea in Aquinas (Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan volume 2) , University of Toronto Press 1997 Jacket: 'Verbum is a product of Lonergan's eleven years of study of the thought of Thomas Aquinas. The work is considered by many to be a breakthrough in the history of Lonergan's theology ... . Here he interprets aspects in the writing of Aquinas relevant to trinitarian theory and, as in most of Lonergan's work, one of the principal aims is to assist the reader in the search to understand the workings of the human mind.' 
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Martin, Malachi, Vatican, Jove 1988 Editorial Reviews 'From Publishers Weekly The subject of this long and intriguing novel is the Vatican's elaborate bureaucracy, in particular its powerful financial network, headed by a mysterious figure known as the Keeper. Another central character, who gives the story its slant, is American Richard Lansing, who joins the Vatican as a young monsignore in 1945, and becomes the confidant of five successive popes. When he reaches the apex of his career, he staunchly opposes any Church bargain with Mammon. Martin (author of bestsellers The Final Conclave and Hostage to the Devil), was a professor in the Vatican's Pontifical Biblical Institute: he has an insider's knowledge of the intrigues and power plays that go on behind the papacy's smooth facade. His tale encompasses the fall of Mussolini, the penetration of the Vatican by a Soviet mole, the murder of a pope in the Soviet interest (with help from Vatican officials), and other major events real or imagined. Vatican is not unlike a bureaucracy itself: intricate, far from iconoclastic, and impeded in its forward progress by obsessive attention to detail.' Copyright 1985 Reed Business Information, Inc. 
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Nielsen, Michael A, and Isaac L Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press 2000 Review: A rigorous, comprehensive text on quantum information is timely. The study of quantum information and computation represents a particularly direct route to understanding quantum mechanics. Unlike the traditional route to quantum mechanics via Schroedinger's equation and the hydrogen atom, the study of quantum information requires no calculus, merely a knowledge of complex numbers and matrix multiplication. In addition, quantum information processing gives direct access to the traditionally advanced topics of measurement of quantum systems and decoherence.' Seth Lloyd, Department of Quantum Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Nature 6876: vol 416 page 19, 7 March 2002. 
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Peskin, Michael E, and Dan V Schroeder, An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Westview Press 1995 Amazon Product Description 'This book is a clear and comprehensive introduction to quantum field theory, one that develops the subject systematically from its beginnings. The book builds on calculation techniques toward an explanation of the physics of renormalization.'  
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Schrödinger, Erwin, and Roger Penrose (Foreword), What is Life?; With "Mind and Matter" and "Autobiographical Sketches", Cambridge University Press 2012 Book Description: 'Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger's What is Life? is one of the great science classics of the twentieth century. A distinguished physicist's exploration of the question which lies at the heart of biology, it was written for the layman, but proved one of the spurs to the birth of molecular biology and the subsequent discovery of the structure of DNA. The philosopher Karl Popper hailed it as a 'beautiful and important book' by 'a great man to whom I owe a personal debt for many exciting discussions'. It appears here together with Mind and Matter, his essay investigating a relationship which has eluded and puzzled philosophers since the earliest times. Schrodinger asks what place consciousness occupies in the evolution of life, and what part the state of development of the human mind plays in moral questions. Brought together with these two classics are Schrödinger's autobiographical sketches, published and translated here for the first time. They offer a fascinating fragmentary account of his life as a background to his scientific writings, making this volume a valuable additon to the shelves of scientist and layman alike.' 
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Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, The Story of Spin, University of Chicago Press 1997 Jacket: 'The Story of Spin, as told by Sin-itiro Tomonaga and lovingly translated by Takeshi Oka, is a brilliant and witty account of the development of modern quantum theory, which takes electron spin as a pivotal concept. Reading these twelve lectures on the fundamental aspects of physics is a joyful experience that is rare indeed.' Laurie Brown, Northwestern University. 
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Wigner, Eugene, Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays , MIT Press 1970 Jacket: 'This volume contains some of Professor Wigner's more popular papers which, in their diversity of subject and clarity of style, reflect the author's deep analytical powers and the remarkable scope of his interests. Included are articles on the nature of physical symmetry, invariance and conservation principles, the structure of solid bodies and of the compound nucleus, the theory of nuclear fission, the effects of radiation on solids, and the epistemological problems of quantum mechanics. Other articles deal with the story of the first man-made nuclear chain reaction, the long term prospects of nuclear energy, the problems of Big Science, and the role of mathematics in the natural sciences. In addition, the book contains statements of Wigner's convictions and beliefs as well as memoirs of his friends Enrico Fermi and John von Neumann. Eugene P. Wigner is one of the architects of the atomic age. He worked with Enrco Fermi at the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago at the beginning of the Manhattan Project, and he has gone on to receive the highest honours that science and his country can bestow, including the Nobel Prize for physics, the Max Planck Medal, the Enrico Fermi Award and the Atoms for Peace Award. '. 
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Papers
Chaitin, Gregory J, "Randomness and Mathematical Proof", Scientific American, 232, 5, May 1975, page 47-52. 'Although randomness can be precisely defined and can even be measured, a given number cannot be proved random. This enigma establishes a limit in what is possible in mathematics'. back
Links
Absolute infinite - Wikipedia Absolute infinite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'The Absolute Infinite is mathematician Georg Cantor's concept of an "infinity" that transcended the transfinite numbers. Cantor equated the Absolute Infinite with God. He held that the Absolute Infinite had various mathematical properties, including that every property of the Absolute Infinite is also held by some smaller objec' back
Alexis Carrel - Wikipedia Alexis Carrel - Wikipedia the free encyclopedia 'Alexis Carrel (June 28, 1873 - November 5, 1944) was a French surgeon, biologist and eugenicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912. He was also a member of Jacques Doriot's Parti Populaire Francais (PPF), the most collaborationist party during Vichy France.' back
Aquinas 13 Summa: I 2 3: Whether God exists? I answer that the existence of God can be proved in five ways. The first and more manifest way is the argument from motion. . . . The second way is from the nature of the efficient cause. . . . The third way is taken from possibility and necessity . . . The fourth way is taken from the gradation to be found in things. . . . The fifth way is taken from the governance of the world. back
Aquinas 39 Whether God is in all things 'I answer that, God is in all things; not, indeed, as part of their essence, nor as an accident, but as an agent is present to that upon which it works. For an agent must be joined to that wherein it acts immediately and touch it by its power; hence it is proved in Phys. vii that the thing moved and the mover must be joined together. Now since God is very being by His own essence, created being must be His proper effect; as to ignite is the proper effect of fire. Now God causes this effect in things not only when they first begin to be, but as long as they are preserved in being; as light is caused in the air by the sun as long as the air remains illuminated. Therefore as long as a thing has being, God must be present to it, according to its mode of being. But being is innermost in each thing and most fundamentally inherent in all things since it is formal in respect of everything found in a thing, as was shown above (7, 1). Hence it must be that God is in all things, and innermostly.' back
Aquinas 608 Whether man's happiness consists in the vision of the divine essence? 'Final and perfect happiness can consist in nothing else than the vision of the Divine Essence. To make this clear, two points must be observed. First, that man is not perfectly happy, so long as something remains for him to desire and seek: secondly, that the perfection of any power is determined by the nature of its object.' back
Digital philosophy - Wikipedia Digital philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'Digital philosophy is a new direction in philosophy and cosmology advocated by certain mathematicians and theoretical physicists, e.g., Gregory Chaitin, Edward Fredkin, Stephen Wolfram, and Konrad Zuse (see his Calculating Space). Digital philosophy grew out of an earlier digital physics (both terms are due to Fredkin), which proposes to ground much of physical theory in cellular automata. Specifically, digital physics works through the consequences of assuming that the universe is a gigantic Turing-complete cellular automaton.' back
Fixed point theorem - Wikipedia Fixed point theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'In mathematics, a fixed point theorem is a result saying that a function F will have at least one fixed point (a point x for which F(x) = x), under some conditions on F that can be stated in general terms. Results of this kind are amongst the most generally useful in mathematics. The Banach fixed point theorem gives a general criterion guaranteeing that, if it is satisfied, the procedure of iterating a function yields a fixed point. By contrast, the Brouwer fixed point theorem is a non-constructive result: it says that any continuous function from the closed unit ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space to itself must have a fixed point, but it doesn't describe how to find the fixed point (See also Sperner's lemma).' back
Hans-Thomas Janka Collapsing stars, supernovae, and gamma ray bursts 'When massive stars die, they don't just fade away. Their lives end in the most spectacular and most luminous explosions that we know. For weeks they can become nearly as bright as a whole galaxy. The stellar debris is expelled with velocities up to ten percent of the speed of light and an energy of motion that equals the radiation of the Sun during its whole life. In rare cases this amount of energy can even be released in an enormously intense flash of gamma radiation. Such a gamma-ray burst outshines all stars of the universe for a period of seconds to many minutes and can be accompanied by a stellar explosion ten or even fifty times more energetic than usual.' back
John L Bell Continuity and Infinitesimals - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 'The usual meaning of the word continuous is “unbroken” or “uninterrupted”: thus a continuous entity—a continuum—has no “gaps.” We commonly suppose that space and time are continuous, and certain philosophers have maintained that all natural processes occur continuously: witness, for example, Leibniz's famous apothegm natura non facit saltus—“nature makes no jump.” In mathematics the word is used in the same general sense, but has had to be furnished with increasingly precise definitions. So, for instance, in the later 18th century continuity of a function was taken to mean that infinitesimal changes in the value of the argument induced infinitesimal changes in the value of the function. With the abandonment of infinitesimals in the 19th century this definition came to be replaced by one employing the more precise concept of limit.' back
Motorola 6809 - Wikipedia Motorola 6809 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopdia 'The Motorola 6809 is an 8-bit (with some 16-bit features) microprocessor CPU from Motorola, designed by Terry Ritter and Joel Boney and introduced 1978. It was a major advance over both its predecessor, the Motorola 6800, and the related MOS Technology 6502.' back
NASA Jupiter Hubble Space Telescope best colour image of Jupiter's Little Red Spot back
NIST Fundamental Physical Constants from NIST 'Founded in 1901, NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.' back
PDG - U of California Particle Data Group 'The Particle Data Group is an international collaboration charged with summarizing Particle Physics, as well as related areas of Cosmology and Astrophysics. In 2006, the PDG consists of 166 authors from 100 institutions in 19 countries. The summaries are published in even-numbered years as a now 1200-page book, the Review of Particle Physics, and as an abbreviated version (320 pages), the Particle Physics Booklet.' back
Propositional Calculus - Wikipedia Propositional Caluclus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 'In logic and mathematics, a propositional calculus (or a sentential calculus) is a formal system in which formuae representing propositions can be formed by combining atomic propositions using logical connectives, and a system of formal proof rules allows certain formulae to be established as "theorems" of the formal system. . . . Many different formulations exist which are all more or less equivalent but differ in the details of (1) their language, that is, the particular collection of primitive symbols and operator symbols, (2) the set of axioms, or distinguished formulae, and (3) the set of inference rules.' back

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