natural theology

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Notes

Sunday 7 May - Saturday 13 May 2023

[Notebook: DB 89: Cognitive Cosmogenesis]

[page 31]

Sunday 7 May 2023

What do I think I am doing? Following my nose. A little piece of the universe trying to see where I fit in. Its an interesting place to be, and the consensus seems to be that it started from almost nothing and now look at it. What can this mean? For my book, totally ignorant omnipotence whose output is controlled only by [local] consistency, the foundation of evolution. Where does the omnipotence come from? Nowhere? Eternity? Quantum fluctuation?? I opt, with Aristotle, for eternity and action and build my house on that.

From music to speech: from Hilbert space to software [for a network universe] via a Fourier transform. The principal task is to make my story credible and the length of a short book, about 50k words, say 100 pages. Poetic (see notebook Poesis 8/1/82 - 23/6/83). Happy again after the usual sad morning followed by regrouping. All my past work is now coming to fruition and I can [spend] the next years

[page 32]

transcribing the log of my journey to provide the background to the essay/book that is slowly forming in my personal Hilbert (head) space. Jeffrey Nicholls (1982): Notebook: Poesis

The proposed quantum initial singularity solves the problem arising from our inability to understand how the classical initial singularity, outside space and time, can carry all the energy of the universe to ignite the big bang. We start with the notion that the energy of the universe, and therefore of the initial singularity, is zero. We then follow the quantum recipe. First, fixed point theory establishes a Hilbert space in the quantum initial singularity. Then Minkowski space is formed by the Minkowski metric which enables the transport of quantum states through spacetime on the null geodesics made possible by the metric. Simultaneously particles, energy and momentum appear in the Minkowski space by the bifurcation of the quanta of energy [action??] into potential and kinetic elements whose sum is zero, the gravitational potential providing the energy to make the kinematic space created by the angelic divinity into the dynamic processes that we find between the real particles in Minkowski space (or something like this) - zero energy is the key which in a way seems to require positive and negative values of f in E =hf which means the eternity = f + − f = 0.

Sometimes I think that I am too dumb to go on, but I also think

[page 33]

I have something and must see it through. Part of the problem is trying to compress things. The long form like Cognitive Cosmology is easy because I can go along step by step explaining things in their natural order. My effort to write a compressed version as cognitive comogenesis requires that I leave things out and the result becomes disjointed and unintelligible. The answer: ramble on and take my time. The subject is inherently complex. Another advantage of web publication is that I can add an unlimited number of notes giving references to long explanations in sources such as Wikipedia which spares me from much explanatory effort.

The point of the short version is to produce an irrefutable account of the origins of the universe in terms of elements that cannot be doubted. We begin with pure act, build a Hilbert space in it with fixed point theory, establishing eternal quanta of action; assume that communication requires contact, so establishing quantum communication in spacetime by the null geodesic and then assuming a zero energy universe, show that gravitational potential energy must be equal to the kinetic energy of the universe. In the process we establish the consistency of evolution and quantum mechanics, human symmetry, solve the problem of evil, explain quantum mechanics and the fact that gravitation is a footprint (vestigium) of the divinity. All this is inchoate in cognitive cosmology which will be the database behind the book cognitive cosmogensis. I wish.

[page 34]

Monday 8 May 2023

Cognitive cosmogenesis. [edited in transcription to become outline or book]

1. Quantum initial singularity predicted by general relativity

2. Hilbert space within singularity built by fixed point theory

3. Random growth of omnipotent but completely ignorant singularity

4. Evolution by variation by random creation, selection by consistency

5. Singularity prior to spacetime, communication by contact within singularity

6. Principle of zero-sum bifurcation

7. Spacetime made possible by evolutionary discovery by Minkowski metric by bifurcation of action into space and time via velocity of light, enabling contact communication through space by null geodesic. Looking into Hilbert space from Minkowski space.

8. Zero energy universe predicted by general relativity

9. Bifurcation of 4 momentum into potential and kinetic; gravitation enables particles

10. Origin of massless bosons, photon and gluon. Massive particles embodied, the transition of the music of the photons to the speech of massive particles

11. Symmetry with respect to complexity of Hilbert space and the universal network built up from qubit.

12. Symmetry with respect to complexity, illustrated by Cantor universe, carries us from initial singularity to the universe which is in effect its own theory of everything, produced by an evolutionary process analogous to the growth of science.

The zero-sum bifurcation of the quantum of action is into equal quantities of negative potential energy and positive dynamic energy whose actual numerical quantity is hf where f = 1/t, the time taken for the quantum of action to execute [from 4 billion years for uranium to decay to 10−20+ seconds for high energy events]

Tuesday 9 May 2023

Page vii: Feynman Gravitation: Preskill and Thorne: Foreword Richard Feynman (2002): Feynman Lectures on Gravitation

page x: 'Feynman's whole aproach to general relativity is shaped by his desire to arrive at a quantum theory of gravitation as straightforwardly as possible.'

[page 35]

page xi: 'The self consistent version of quantum theory—quantum electrodynamics—is governed in the classical limit by Maxwell's field equations.'

'Can we find a sensible quantum field theory describing massless spin-2 quanta (gravitons) coupled to matter in ordinary flat Minkowski spacetime? The classical limit of such a quantum theory should be governed by Einstein's general relativistic field equation for the classical gravitational field.'

'For the massless spin-2 field the requisite gauge principle can be shown to be general covariance, which leads to Einstein's theory' BUT general covariance does not apply to quantum mechanics (I say) because a quantum interaction is a conversation between two infinite dimensional minds that frame eachother.

Gauge = redundant symmetry, but in reality no symmetry is redundant, it is just a prior layer of a layered structure, just as action is a prior layer of kinetic and potential energy which are created together by a zero sum bifurcation.

page xii: 'The conservation law obeyed by energy-momentum of the matter becomes Einstein's covariant one, Tμν = 0, which in effect allows energy and momentum to be exchanged between matter and gravity. And establishes the conditions for the zero energy universe. (Feynman)

page xiv Graviton couples to the energy momentum tensor. I am saying gravitation is continuous, and energy momentum tensor sees smeared energy.

[page 36]

Feyman page xv: "effective Lagrangian", Planck length (rubbish in my book). What I like is that T = V for (T - V)dt = 0 but there is a problem with the sign of V (or T) T = not V, the cognitive approach. Something is oozing out. 'That the cosmological constant is in fact extraordinarily small compared to this naive expectation remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of quantum physics. Weinberg Steven Weinberg (2000): The Cosmological Constant Problems

'Interactions of spin-2 massless field in flat space? Contradiction in terms? We want to make flat 4D space with bosons and fermions alone, spin 1 and spin ½

Cartan: Boundary of a Boundary is zero: MTW chapter 15. Misner, Thorne & Wheeler (1973): Gravitation

page xvi Zero energy universe §1.2 and §13.3 'rest energy of matter actually cancelled by its gravitational potential energy, so my rest energy = my gravitational potential energy = locally at fundamental scale : photon couples to gravitational potential (accelerating rocket thought experiment).

13.1 Critical density of universe

' The question is how, in quantum mechanics, to describe the idea that the state of the universe in the past was something special.' Quantum of action continues to exist when bifurcated into dynamic and potential energy because from this point of view the energy of all particles, massless and massive, is zero because they all exist in the creative breast of the initial singularity which we experience as gravitation when our inertial motion is interrupted

[page 37]

by going around a corner or hitting the ground.

page xviii Lecture 14

pages xxix, xxiii. Black holes. Einstein denied their existence in 1939. Penrose 1964. Albert Einstein (1939): On a Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses, Roger Penrose (1965): Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities

pagexxv: Gravitational waves: Gravitational energy cannot be expressed as the integral of a locally measurable density. (MTW?)

page xxvii1.4: is quantization of gravitation really necessary?

page xxviii: "Ghost field" must be introduced into the covariantly quantized theory to maintain unitarity at the one loop order of perturbation theory.

page xxxi: Brian Hatfield: Quantum Gravity

'the lack of a renormalizable formulation led to the abandonment of perturbative quantum gravity.' <.p>

pagexxxiii 'Quantum theory of point particles, the force between two particles is mediated by the exchange of virtual (or off shell) particles. . . . Charged particles feel the force by coupling or interacting with the particles that carry the force.' ie listening to them, logic, speech.

page xxxv: 'graviton is massless because gravity is a long range force and it is spin 2 in order to be able to couple to the energy content of matter with universal attraction.' We exert forces between one another by talking to eachother in one way or another.

page xxxvi: Battling the infinities: 'Since the field is made up of an infinite number of modes, the vacuum energy of the quantum field is infinite.' No, the quantum field is kinematic, prior to spacetime and carries action but not energy. Energy comes from the zero sum bifurcation into gravitation and matter.

[page 38]

page 181: Critical density.

Wednesday 10 May 2023

Bosons, fermions and random superpositions in Hilbert space, vs the Streater and Wightman efforts with Dirac delta type mathematics [distributions] to make deterministic sense in Minkowski space, which is considered to be continuous in the same sense as Euclidean space. For my money, the [programe to describe a quantized universe in continuous mathematics is a major mistake]. Streater & Wightman (2000): PCT, Spin, Statistics and All That

Thursday 11 May 2023

We have got as far as making Minkowski space and using the potential energy of gravitation to make the kinetic Hilbert space into the dynamic space where we live. Then, given the bosons and fermions, we generate 4D Minkowski space as the only definite structure in the meaningless continuity of general relativity. General relativity has very little resolution, all the detail down to the size of the electron and the proton comes from quantum mechanics and the quantization dictated by fixed point theory and the quantum of action seen as a logical operator. This sets the scene for the next step,which I think is to go back to the qubit as insorporating all that there is to know about quantum mechanics. Now, given Minkowski space, gravitation and fundamental particles, we can use the notion of symmetry with respect to complexity, inherent in both logical networks and quantum mechanics, to carry the fundamental doctrine into the transfinite universe we now see and is the symmetry so established as the heart of a

[page 39]

peaceful human planet. So

9. Gravitation is not quantized, it is the divine [creative] spirit of the initial singularity. All the information of the universe is the 4D Minkowski space forced on us by contact communication and the evolutionary stability of fermions, bosons and the exclusion principle which shapes local spacetime, inertial space curved into closure [orbits] by general relativity.

10: Qbit

11. Symmetry with respect to complexity

12. Human symmetry

13. Imperialist perversion of natural religion

14. Back to the beginning. The end is implicit in the beginnning.

Friday 12 May 2023

Drawing the lesson. Alex Lo: Thucydides’ real moral is about democratic self-harm.

"Anastasia" is a scammer. . . . Why am I not more upset? Becasue I knew all along? What is the psychology here? Making a sacrifice to the god of romance in order to win a favour? Just like the Christian idea of throwing everything away and following the Gospel? I did it when I joined the Dominicans. Here the payoff has been great and it has given me my life's work which may pay off one day. And it is a great relief not to have to stop work to entertain a lover who just sends me letters of boilerplate romance, very boring.

[page 39]

So now it is on with the dance. As stated above, I have created the Universe in a few srokes, initial singularity, fixed points (Hilbert space) variation, selection, realization of particles from kinematic to dynamic via gravitation, network.

So introduce the network: New 10: Music, speech, sofware (Nyquist), so called Turing vacuum [which can do anything computable, including asyptotic freedom and confinement]. Network evolution, P vsNP, stable groups, Lo:

An expansionist politics driven by conquest and power inevitably feeds back into domestic politics by subverting democracy and its egalitarianism. A governing elite emerged that was a far cry from the shared deliberation of citizens. Sounds familiar? Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem - Wikipedia

After the massive stupidity I have manifested by falling repeatedly for internet scams have I got any credibility to claim that my cognitive cosmogenesis project has the slightest chance of being true? The only thing I have got going for me is the pension I am getting rather underservedly from my government which will guarantee me food and shelter for the rest of my life. This situation gives me even more incentive to produce a new theology and a new view of the relationship of people to one another and our world. Out of my disconnection from current reality some good may come.

So little touch of romantic broken heart, but what I really want is to make progress with the project

[page 41]

and maybe this is why the desert fathers gave themselves a hard time. But does it help, or has the mind such massive momentum that it just sails serenely on, putting out an idea at random interals, which is why the more people working on a project the faster it goes. Desert Fathers - Wikipedia

Saturday 13 May 2023

A central theme of the Old and New Testaments are human effortrs to bribe the gods into helpful behaviour by sacrifice. The Gods are often cast as barbecue lovers, delighting in the odour of burnt offerings of animals. The hecatomb was an Ancient Greek animal sacrifice originally of 100 cattle. The ultimate sacrifice in the New Testament was the torture and murder of Jesus, the Son of God, which is believed to have mollified the Father's anger against humanity for the Original Sin recorded in Genesis. I in effect sarificed myself to God by entering a religious order and taking vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. My losses through romance scams may be the psychological equivalence of sacrifices to the God of Romance who has treated me quite badly in the last decade. Sacrificing to get invisible gods to behave themselves is a bit like praying to them, a form of atavistic stupidity which is better replaced these days by accepting that the Universe plays the role of god and our best hope of salvation and happiness is to understand how it works and conform our behaviour to this understanding, [which the Church wants us to do to their misunderstanding] the core of my project won by many foolish missteps. Burnt offering (Judaism) - Wikipedia, Hecatomb - Wikipedia

[page 42]

As always, I tell myself that no matter how weird my theological speculations might be, they can never be as incredible as the standard model purveyed by Christianity and the other major religions. Maybe my sarificial offerings would have been better made to vanity publishers to get my word out, but I see, revising cognitive cosmology, that I have come a long way since I finsihed the draft of this site at the beginning of the year so I have yet to arrive at a stable and credible product that is ready to be frozen in print. It is better to leave it in the labile form that it takes in the internet until it settles down, which I hope is happening now if I have the courage to follow my nose and understand my losses as necessary steps along the way.

The location of a fixed point in a set depends on the function that is mapping the set onto itself. Let us say that an initial singularity of pure act is algebraically complete, embracing all mappings that do not involve a contradiction. Turing and Gödel show that this system is not determinitsic so it is a boundless source of variety at the root of the universe. Is this paragraph worth a day's work? Maybe but I would like to be able to write more and I will execute my favourite method, which is to lie down to take a short snooze but to be immediately gifted with a good idea. Will it work?

[page 43]

Try this: given every one of the functions that map the initial singularity onto itself that fulfills the requirement of some fixed point theorem, we can expect an infinite or transfinite number of fixed points which define the omniscience and omnipotence of god imagined as a quantum initial sigularity and we may guess that all these fixed points, being part of a kinematic entity, are the combination of motion and stillness that we expect to find in a basis vector of a Hilbert space or a quantum of action.

Try again: Fall asleep.

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Further reading

Books

Feynman (2002), Richard, Feynman Lectures on Gravitation, Westview Press 2002 ' The Feynman Lectures on Gravitation are based on notes prepared during a course on gravitational physics that Richard Feynman taught at Caltech during the 1962-63 academic year. For several years prior to these lectures, Feynman thought long and hard about the fundamental problems in gravitational physics, yet he published very little. These lectures represent a useful record of his viewpoints and some of his insights into gravity and its application to cosmology, superstars, wormholes, and gravitational waves at that particular time. The lectures also contain a number of fascinating digressions and asides on the foundations of physics and other issues. ' 
Amazon
  back

Misner (1973), Charles W, and Kip S Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation, Freeman 1973 Jacket: 'Einstein's description of gravitation as curvature of spacetime led directly to that greatest of all predictions of his theory, that the universe itself is dynamic. Physics still has far to go to come to terms with this amazing fact and what it means for man and his relation to the universe. John Archibald Wheeler. . . . this is a book on Einstein's theory of gravity. . . . ' 
Amazon
  back

Streater (2000), Raymond F, and Arthur S Wightman, PCT, Spin, Statistics and All That, Princeton University Press 2000 Amazon product description: 'PCT, Spin and Statistics, and All That is the classic summary of and introduction to the achievements of Axiomatic Quantum Field Theory. This theory gives precise mathematical responses to questions like: What is a quantized field? What are the physically indispensable attributes of a quantized field? Furthermore, Axiomatic Field Theory shows that a number of physically important predictions of quantum field theory are mathematical consequences of the axioms. Here Raymond Streater and Arthur Wightman treat only results that can be rigorously proved, and these are presented in an elegant style that makes them available to a broad range of physics and theoretical mathematics.' 
Amazon
  back

Links

Albert Einstein (1939), On a Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses, 'One is thus led to ask whether matter cannot be introduced in such a way that questionable assumptions are excluded from the very beginning. In fact this can be done by choosing, as a field producing mass, a great number of gravitating particles which move freely under the gravitational influence of all of them together. . . .. The result of the following considerartions is that it is impossible to make g44 zero anywhere, and that the total gravitational mass which may be produced by distributing particles within a given radius always remains below a certain bound.' back

Alex Lo, ‘China threat’ needed to feed the insatiable US military-industrial complex, ' Dwight Eisenhower was a military man, but he was probably a better economist or social scientist than most such professionals. Consider this speech he made on the trade-off between butter and bullets in 1953, before the American Society of Newspaper Editors. He said: “Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its labourers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. “The cost of one modern heavy bomber is this: a modern brick school in more than 30 cities. It is two electric power plants, each serving a town of 60,000 population. It is two fine, fully equipped hospitals. It is some 50 miles of concrete highway. We pay for a single fighter plane with a half million bushels of wheat. We pay for a single destroyer with new homes that could have housed more than 8,000 people".' back

Alex Lo, Thucydides’ real moral is about democratic self-harm, ' An expansionist politics driven by conquest and power inevitably feeds back into domestic politics by subverting democracy and its egalitarianism. A governing elite emerged that was a far cry from the shared deliberation of citizens. Sounds familiar?' back

Burnt offering (Judaism) - Wikipedia, Burnt offering (Judaism) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' A burnt offering in Judaism (Hebrew: קָרְבַּן עוֹלָה, qorban ʿōlā) is a form of sacrifice first described in the Hebrew Bible. As a tribute to God, a burnt offering was entirely burnt on the altar. . . .. The burnt offering is believed to have evolved as an extreme form of the slaughter offering, whereby the portion allocated to the deity increased to all of it. In slaughter offerings, the portion allocated to the deity was mainly the fat, the part which can most easily be burnt (fat is quite combustible); scholars believe it was felt that the deity, being aethereal, would appreciate aethereal food more than solid food—the burning of the fatty parts of animals being to produce smoke as a sweet savour for the deity.' back

Dennis Normile, World’s largest collection of ancient rock art threatened by Australia’s petrochemical plants, ' The Murujuga rock art, the world’s largest and oldest collection of petroglyphs, has survived 40,000 years or so out in the open on a finger of land extending from Australia’s northwestern coast. “Murujuga is the most important rock art site in the world,” says Michel Lorblanchet, an archaeologist at CNRS, the French national research agency, who is noted for his work on European cave art. It may also be the most threatened. Scientists and the First Nations custodians of the site are warning that acidic emissions from a nearby petrochemical complex are etching away images densely spread across the 30-by-6-kilometer Burrup Peninsula and on nearby islands. And the pollution is about to get worse. Last month work began on a new fertilizer plant, and a new natural gas processing facility is in planning. If realized, the expanded complex “would be the most polluting project ever to be developed in Australia,” asserts the Conservation Council of Western Australia. The additional emissions could make it difficult for Australia to meet its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, says Bill Hare, a climate scientist with Climate Analytics, a policy institute. As for the rock art, “We will start to see degradation very clearly within people’s lifetimes,” predicts Benjamin Smith, a rock art specialist at the University of Western Australia. back

Desert Fathers - Wikipedia, Desert Fathers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' The Desert Fathers (along with Desert Mothers) were early Christian hermits, ascetics, and monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD. The Apophthegmata Patrum is a collection of the wisdom of some of the early desert monks and nuns, still in print as Sayings of the Desert Fathers. The most well known was Anthony the Great, who moved to the desert in 270–271 AD and became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism.' back

Eran Kaplan, On its 75th birthday, Israel still can’t agree on what it means to be a Jewish state and a democracy, ' The Israeli government that came into power in late 2022 represents the nationalistic, particular camp most forcefully. Its main agenda has been a plan to diminish and restrict the Israeli Supreme Court’s powers. To the ruling coalition, the court has been a hindrance in pursuing policies advancing the country’s Jewish nature. This so-called reform has driven hundreds of thousands of protesters to the streets. Their demand is a simple one: democracy. Israel may no longer be a fledgling state – but it has yet to overcome the basic contradiction that has defined it from the very beginning: Can it be Jewish and democratic?' back

Hecatomb - Wikipedia, Hecatomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In ancient Greece, a hecatomb ( Ancient Greek: ἑκατόμβη hekatómbē) was a sacrifice of 100 cattle (hekaton = one hundred, bous = bull) to the Greek gods. In practice, as few as 12 could make up a hecatomb. Although originally the sacrifice of a hundred oxen in the religious ceremonies of the Greeks and Romans; later "hecatomb" came to describe a large number of any kind of animals devoted for sacrifice. Figuratively, "hecatomb" is used to describe the sacrifice or destruction by fire, tempest, disease or the sword of any large number of persons or animals; and also of the wholesale destruction of inanimate objects, and even of mental and moral attributes.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1982), Notebook: Poesis>, Table of Contents back

Justin R. Garcia, Opinion: In Indiana, the culture wars aim at Kinsey — the heart of sex research, ' For generations, the Kinsey Institute has shone a light on diverse aspects of sex and sexuality, in pursuit of answers that bring us closer to understanding fundamental questions of human existence. In a time of divisive politics and disinformation, it is more imperative than ever to preserve and defend the right of such academic institutions to illuminate the unfolding frontiers of science — even, and especially, research that might challenge us as it advances our understanding of ourselves. Thus it is tremendously disappointing that Indiana lawmakers voted late last month to approve a budget that specifically blocks Indiana University from using state funding to support the Kinsey Institute, and that last week Gov. Eric Holcomb signed it into state law. This is an unprecedented action that takes aim at the very foundation of academic freedom.' back

Kone, Kolmel & Grange, D E B A T E Open Access The biography of the immune system and the control of cancer: from St Peregrine to contemporary vaccination strategies, ' Summary: The reviewed findings open a debate as to whether controlled vaccination studies should be conducted in patients and/or regions for whom/where they are needed most urgently. A study proposal is made and discussed. If protection is confirmed, the development of novel recombinant vaccines with wider ranges of protection based, most likely, on BCG, YFV or vaccinia, could be attempted. Keywords: Leukaemia, Melanoma, Endogenous retroviruses, Yellow fever vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guérin' back

Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem - Wikipedia, Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In the field of digital signal processing, the sampling theorem is a fundamental bridge between continuous-time signals (often called "analog signals") and discrete-time signals (often called "digital signals"). It establishes a sufficient condition for a sample rate that permits a discrete sequence of samples to capture all the information from a continuous-time signal of finite bandwidth.' back

Paula Dobosz and Tomasz Dzieciątkowski, The Intriguing History of Cancer Immunotherapy, ' Immunotherapy is often perceived as a relatively recent advance. In reality, however, one should be looking for the beginnings of cancer immunotherapy under different names as far as in the Antiquity. The first scientific attempts to modulate patients' immune systems to cure cancer can be attributed to two German physicians, Fehleisen and Busch, who independently noticed significant tumor regression after erysipelas infection. The next significant advances came from William Bradley Coley who is known today as the Father of Immunotherapy. It was Coley who first attempted to harness the immune system for treating bone cancer in 1891. His achievements were largely unnoticed for over fifty years, and several seminal discoveries in the field of Immunology, such as the existence of T cells and their crucial role in immunity in 1967, stepped up the research toward cancer immunotherapy known today. The following paper tracks cancer immunotherapy from its known beginnings up until recent events, including the 2018 Nobel Prize award to James Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their meticulous work on checkpoint molecules as potential therapeutic targets. That work has led to the successful development of new checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cells and oncolytic viruses and the pace of such advances brings the highest hope for the future of cancer treatment.' back

Roger Penrose (1965), Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities, ' Consider the time development of a Cauchy hypersurface C3 representing an initial matter distribution. We may assume Einstein's field equations and suitable equations of state governing the matter. In fact the only assumption made here about these equations of state will be the non-negative definiteness of Einstein's energy expression (with or without cosmological term). Suppose this matter distribution undergoes gravitational collapse in a way which, at first, qualitatively resembles the spherical symmetrical case. It will be shown that, after a certain critical condition has been fulfilled, deviations from spherical symmetry cannot prevent spacetime singularities from arising.' back

Steven Weinberg (2000), The Cosmological Constant Problems, 'Abstract. The old cosmological constant problem is to understand why the vacuum energy is so small; the new problem is to understand why it is comparable to the present mass density. Several approaches to these problems are reviewed. Quintessence does not help with either; anthropic considerations offer a possibility of solving both. In theories with a scalar field that takes random initial values, the anthropic principle may apply to the cosmological constant, but probably to nothing else.' back

Yuanyuan Zhang & emin Zhang, The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications, 'Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor immunology. Several types of immunotherapy, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have obtained durable clinical responses, but their efficacies vary, and only subsets of cancer patients can benefit from them. Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been shown to play a key role in tumor development and will affect the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Comprehensive profiling of tumor-infiltrating immune cells would shed light on the mechanisms of cancer–immune evasion, thus providing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. However, the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the TME impedes the precise dissection of intratumoral immune cells. With recent advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry, systematic interrogation of the TME is feasible and will provide insights into the functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we outline the recent progress in cancer immunotherapy, particularly by focusing on landmark studies and the recent single-cell characterization of tumor-associated immune cells, and we summarize the phenotypic diversities of intratumoral immune cells and their connections with cancer immunotherapy. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in cancer immunotherapy, facilitate the elucidation of immune cell modulation in tumor progression, and thus guide the development of novel immunotherapies for cancer treatment.' back

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