"natural theology > notes > 2017

vol VII: Notes

2017

Notes

Sunday 11 June 2017 - Saturday 16 June 2017

[Notebook: DB 81: Scientific theology]

[page 49]

Sunday 11 June 2017

[page 50]

st06_constructing_world, maybe constructing God. In the Pentateuch God is in the mind of Moses, whose name stands for all the authors of these books. From our point or view, we are [physically] in the mind of God, and so constructing God is in effect constructing ourselves within the divine milieu. Insofar as we harmonize ourselves with this milieu, we have a hope of survival and happiness. If we fight against it, we are almost guaranteed to feel pain. Torah - Wikipedia, Teilhard de Chardin: The Divine Milieu

Every now and then I am confronted by the depressing thought that I will never get anywhere, but it doesn't last. Even if nobody ever hears me I get pleasure from seeing the alternatives to my childhood Catholic indoctrination.

Maybe the general covariance of general relativity is established by the underlying quantum mechanics. There we have the meeting of two particles mediated by them 'agreeing' on a common orthogonal basis for communication but there is no presumption of what this orthogonal basis will actually be, so that there are a countable number of ways of encoding and decoding the messages passed between them. In continuous mathematics there is a transfinite number of different ways of attributing a basis to a structure [Hilbert space]. General covariance: we can call anything anything as long as we give unique names to unique states so that the system has constant entropy and is reversible. Hilbert space - Wikipedia

The explanation and framing of a conversation is to be found in the conversationalists embedded in the tacit code they are using to communicate, which can be anything they agree on.

We want to see the transfinite network as a layered manifold. The events in the integral manifold could be named in a one dimensional Gaussian way with the natural numbers. This manifold is logically continuous, comprising

[page 51]

discrete events, each of which is both the input and output of a computer and so deterministically bound by a computation. Each of these computational structures then becomes a point or address in the layer corresponding to the next transfinite cardinal, the cardinal of the ordinary physical continuum, and then we go on up the scale. The system is bound together by computation, and there are also indeterminate bindings caused by the absence of a computable connection [is this possible, cannot bind without communication].

In a logically complete Universe, ie one comprising all halting computations, not-p is as complex as p. Ie in Thomas' argument for the simplicity of God denying that God is a body makes it a not-body with complexity equivalent to a body.

The wealthy create little paradises for themselves which figure strongly in aspirational lifestyle publication, but then evil enters their lives in the need to protect their treasures from people who would like to loot them.

Where physics differs from the pure formalism of computation is that time is of the essence. While Turing discovered 'absolute noncomputability' we also have relative computability, ie a task that cannot be completed within the resources and time available, failing to reach a new point which is outside the event horizon of a particular system.

Why do I keep trying to use a theological ansatz to second guess the physics industry? Two reasons a) hubris and stubbornness; and b) every few days I have a little idea that makes things seem even better.

The velocity of light is in some way related to the upper limit of computation speed, but we notice that it is not energy dependent. This might be because a photon processes itself along in steps of one wavelength (one quantum of action) but the more energetic the photon the shorter and more frequent steps serve to keep the velocity

[page 52]

constant. How does this fit Maxwell's equations?

My physics is physics for dummies, beginning with the current diagram approach to 3/4 space.

Monday 12 June 2017

. . .

Fitting things together, eg libraries of software to make an app.

The 'plan' of the book is beoming somewhat repetitive, repeating the same ideas again and again but in slightly diferent contexts, heaping up examples to lend weight to the central thesis, which Darwin seems to do in the origin of species.

After a slow day looking as the jumbled wreckage of chapter 6 I now have something of a plan and am writing some satisfactory prose, better, I think than my brickwork which is almost a thing of the past. Less bricklaying, more writing, and gradually trying to restrict myself to plumbing.

Slowly getting things into writing that I have been afraid to say because they seem too weird. Now they are becoming parts of a larger system they seem to make more sense.

[page 53]

Tuesday 13 June 2017

What am I thinking here? We want to understand the divine creative process that brought the Universe from the initial singularity to its present state. In sum, the future favours the fit and we seek to identify the broad conditions for fitness, fitting in. At present we are doing rather badly because we lack the global scientific and political unity needed to settle on rational = computable = doable strategies and tactics.

Attending an incident is a drama which may or may not be dramatic. After the event we can write a script, and before we work to a script template which us would be crew leaders have to learn and execute (play) proceeding all the time as rationally as possible.

Today write, learn some fire brigade stuff and fix one toilet (if the rain stops). I feel better for having written it down. The stability of complex systems is maintained by tracking their environment and not walking off cliffs. So comfort tonight requires firewood.

So we need to extend the theology of everyday life to the theology of corporate life. Corporations are (on the whole) more violent toward their members that families. We see this clearly in the battle of Trumpism vs democracy. He would rule by violence. Democrats rule by consent.

The evangelical counsels rather overdo things. One does not have to cast off the world to make a good life, one just has to behave reasonably and justly in ones dealings with all aspects of one's environment, including human society. The fundamental social value is evidence based tolerance so as not to upset people into violence. Violence at the corporate level causes violence at the personal level as we see in the rise in Muslim hating after incidents that are blamed on Islam rather than [criminal] extremism. Evangelical counsels - Wikipedia

[page 54]

In the early days of this work hell for me was thermonuclear extinction, and I made radio programs about it. We have avoided it since Hiroshima and Nagasaki but nuclear weapons remain a big political prize and membership of an exclusive club that holds us all to ransom. Mutual assured destruction - Wikipedia

Drama: when things go wrong. The dramatic art explores all the possibilities of human rights and wrongs.

On being led astray by literature. Emerson Caryl Emerson: The Revolutionary Spectre of Russian Letters

Relativity steps in to cull communication with the cutoff being event horizons across which no communication is possible. Event horizon - Wikipedia

I'm writing all this to convince myself and then take others with me so that I can feel more secure and make an income.

The structure of revelation is the structure of the universe

Wednesday 14 June 2017

Thursday 15 June 2017

Trying to learn to be an RFS crew leader makes me realize that my mental appetite for detail in decreasing.

Torrens, quoting Mill: 'To make land as easily transferable as stock would be one of the greatest economical improvements that could be bestowed upon a country.' Karen Strojek: Torrens, our land-title pioneer, might have approved of privatized registries

Friday 16 June 2017

Building a political castle in the air: Power, sovereign by violence, dictates as system that justifies its own

[page 55]

sovereignty.

A list of features of my view of theology 15 December 2012 Notes 15 December 2012, page 34

This list, taken negatively, serves as a list of the defects I perceive in the Church. Perhaps the root defect is the claim that God is invisible, since it opens the way for the magisterium to assert whatever it wishes about the nature of God, the biggest, most awesome and easiest to see of all possible visions. Thomas, according to legend, repelled the beauty of women to concentrate on the beauty of God but the poor fool was mistaken, mistaken in the company of billions of other people.

Saturday 17 June 2017

Firefighting. Think about what you do. There is a lot at stake when trying to prevent the swift and violent discharge of energy. Firefighting is diplomacy vs war.

Clemens Wergin: theology works for the eternal timescale, is pure formalism, pute concictency, maximum complexity and freedom. Squeeze this out of the transfinite network. I have constructed it but know almost nothing about it. We need a few guiding theorems, ie finitistic proofs of the infinite realities. The opposite, instant gratification: I will kill anyone who stands in my way. The peace theorem: how to diffuse dictators. The internet is as intelligent as its users? or more so? Clemens Wergin: What Helmut Kohl Taught Bill Clinton

Fireworks done, now back to the real thing.

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Aristotle, and H Tredennick (translator), Metaphysics I-IX , Harvard University Press, William Heinemann 1980 Introduction: "[Aristotle] felt that there must be a regular system of sciences, each concerned with a different aspect of reality. At the same time it was only reasonable to suppose that there was a supreme science which was more ultimate, more exact, more truly Wisdom than the others. The discussion of ths science - Wisdom, Primary Philosophy or Theology, as it is variously called - and of its scope, forms the subject of the Metaphysics' page xxv.
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Aristotle, and P H Wickstead and F M Cornford, translators, Physics books V-VIII, Harvard University Press,William Heinemann 1980 Introduction: 'Simplicius tells us that Books I - IV of the Physics were referred to as the books Concerning the Principles, while Books V - VIII were called On Movement. The earlier books have, in fact, defined the things which are subject to movement (the contents of the physical world) and analyzed certain concepts - Time, Place and so forth - which are involved in the occurrence of movement.' Book V is a further introduction to the detailed analysis in Books VI - VIII. Book VI deals with continuity, Book VII is an introductory study for Book VIII, which brings us to the conclusion that all change and motion in the universe are ultimately caused by a Prime Mover which is itself unchanging and unmoved and which has neither magnitude nor parts, but is spiritual and not in space.'
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Ashby, W Ross, An Introduction to Cybernetics, Methuen 1964 'This book is intended to provide [an introduction to cybernetics]. It starts from common-place and well understood concepts, and proceeds step by step to show how these concepts can be made exact, and how they can be developed until they lead into such subjects as feedback, stability, regulation, ultrastability, information, coding, noise and other cybernetic topics'
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Cohen, Paul J, Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis, Benjamin/Cummings 1966-1980 Preface: 'The notes that follow are based on a course given at Harvard University, Spring 1965. The main objective was to give the proof of the independence of the continuum hypothesis [from the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms for set theory with the axiom of choice included]. To keep the course as self contained as possible we included background materials in logic and axiomatic set theory as well as an account of Gödel's proof of the consistency of the continuum hypothesis. . . .'
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Gatlin, Lila L, Information Theory and the Living System, Columbia University Press 1972 Chapter 1: 'Life may be defined operationally as an information processing system -- a structural hierarchy of functioning units -- that has acquired through evolution the ability to store and process the information necessary for its own accurate reproduction. The key word in the definition is information. This definition, like all definitions of life, is relative to the environment. My reference system is the natural environment we find on this planet. However, I do not think that life has ever been defined even operationally in terms of information. This entire book constitutes a first step towar dsuch a definition.'
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Jung, Carl G , and M-L von Franz, Joseph L Henderson, Jolande Jacobi, Aniela Jaffe, Man and His Symbols, Doubleday 1964 back

Klir, Jiri, and Miroslav Valach, Cybernetic Modelling, Iliffe, SNTL 1965, 1967 Preface: 'The principal purpose of this book is to show the part played by cybernetic modelling in the solution of problems common to the animate and inanimate world. The system, its behaviour and structure are used here as fundamental concepts forming the basis of a wide approach that utilizes the model as a methodological instrument. ...' J Klir and M Valach, Prague, 1965.back

Kuhn, Thomas S, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894-1912, University of Chicago Press 1987 Jacket: '[This book] traces the emergence of discontinuous physics during the early years of this century. Breaking with historiographic tradition, Kuhn maintains that, though clearly due to Max Planck, the concept of discontinuous energy change does not originate in his work. Instead it was introduced by physicists trying to understand the success of his brilliant new theory of black-body radiation.'
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Lo, Hoi-Kwong, and Tim Spiller, Sandra Popescu, Introduction to Quantum Computation and Information, World Scientific 1998 Jacket: 'This book provides a pedagogical introduction to the subjects of quantum information and computation. Topics include non-locality of quantum mechanics, quantum computation, quantum cryptography, quantum error correction, fault tolerant quantum computation, as well as some experimental aspects of quantum computation and quantum cryptography. A knowledge of basic quantum mechanics is assumed.'
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McLuhan, Marshall, and Quentin Fiore, The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects, Gingko Press; 2005 Editorial Reviews Amazon.com 'The Medium is the Massage is Marshall McLuhan's most condensed, and perhaps most effective, presentation of his ideas. Using a layout style that was later copied by Wired, McLuhan and coauthor/designer Quentin Fiore combine word and image to illustrate and enact the ideas that were first put forward in the dense and poorly organized Understanding Media. McLuhan's ideas about the nature of media, the increasing speed of communication, and the technological basis for our understanding of who we are come to life in this slender volume. Although originally printed in 1967, the art and style in The Medium is the Massage seem as fresh today as in the summer of love, and the ideas are even more resonant now that computer interfaces are becoming gateways to the global village.'
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Misner, Charles W, and Kip S Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation, Freeman 1973 Jacket: 'Einstein's description of gravitation as curvature of spacetime led directly to that greatest of all predictions of his theory, that the universe itself is dynamic. Physics still has far to go to come to terms with this amazing fact and what it means for man and his relation to the universe. John Archibald Wheeler. . . . this is a book on Einstein's theory of gravity. . . . '
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Nielsen, Michael A, and Isaac L Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press 2000 Review: A rigorous, comprehensive text on quantum information is timely. The study of quantum information and computation represents a particularly direct route to understanding quantum mechanics. Unlike the traditional route to quantum mechanics via Schroedinger's equation and the hydrogen atom, the study of quantum information requires no calculus, merely a knowledge of complex numbers and matrix multiplication. In addition, quantum information processing gives direct access to the traditionally advanced topics of measurement of quantum systems and decoherence.' Seth Lloyd, Department of Quantum Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Nature 6876: vol 416 page 19, 7 March 2002.
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Noble, David F, The Religion of Technology: The Divinity of Man and the Spirit of Invention, Penguin Books 1999 Introduction: 'It is the aim of this book to demonstrate that the present enchantment with things technological ... is rooted in religious myths and ancient imaginings. Although today's technologists, in their sober pursuit of utility, power and profit, seem to set society's standard for rationality ... their true inspiration lies elsewhere, in an enduring, other-worldly quest for transcendence and salvation.'
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Pierce, John Robinson, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols Signals and Noise, Dover 1980 Jacket: 'Behind the familiar surfaces of the telephone, radio and television lies a sophisticated and intriguing body of knowledge known as information theory. This is the theory that has permitted the rapid development of all forms of communication . . . Even more revolutionary progress is expected in the future.'
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Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, The Divine Milieu, Harper Perennial Modern Classics 2001 ' "The volume includes a scholarly and most helpful Foreword by Jesuit scholar Thomas M. King, who outlines the life of Teilhard de Chardin and helps the reader to understand the context in which The Divine Milieu was written. He writes of a Jesuit Priest whose work did not sit easily with the Roman Catholic hierarchy of the early twentieth century. He portrays a man in some spiritual turmoil, living through events of great magnitude, who is seeking to make sense of all that is around him and of his own reaction to those events. The Divine Milieu was not written for those who were comfortable in their Catholic faith, but for the doubters and waverers – those for whom classical expressions of religious faith had long lost their meaning. I commend this volume.” —Rev. Adrian Burdon, Religion and Theology'
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Veltman, Martinus, Diagrammatica: The Path to the Feynman Rules, Cambridge University Press 1994 Jacket: 'This book provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. The aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules, and to outline their domain of applicability. ... The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. ...'
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Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine, MIT Press 1996 The classic founding text of cybernetics.
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Woolf, Virginia, and Mark Hussey (editor) Maria de Battista (annotation), Orlando: A Biography, Harvest Books; Annotated edition 2006 Amazon editorial review: Book Description 'Begun as a "joke," Orlando is Virginia Woolf's fantastical biography of a poet who first appears as a sixteen-year-old boy at the court of Elizabeth I, and is left at the novel's end a married woman in the year 1928. Part love letter to Vita Sackville-West, part exploration of the art of biography, Orlando is one of Woolf's most popular and entertaining works. This new annotated edition will deepen readers' understanding of Woolf's brilliant creation.'
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Yovits, Marshall C, and George T Jacobi, Gordon D Goldstein (eds), Self Organising Systems 1962, Spartan 1962 back

Papers

Landauer, Rolf, "Information is a physical entity", Physica A, 263, 1, 1 February 1999, page 63-7. 'This paper, associated with a broader conference talk on the fundamental physical limits of information handling, emphasizes the aspects still least appreciated. Information is not an abstract entity but exists only through a physical representation, thus tying it to all the restrictions and possibilities of our real physical universe. The mathematician's vision of an unlimited sequence of totally reliable operations is unlikely to be implementable in this real universe. Speculative remarks about the possible impact of that, on the ultimate nature of the laws of physics are included.'. back

Landauer, Rolf, "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process", IBM Journal of Research and Development, 5, 3, 1961, page 183-191. 'Abstract: It is argued that computing machines inevitably involve devices which perform logical functions that do not have a single-valued inverse. This logical irreversibility is associated with physical irreversibility and requires a minimal heat generation, per machine cycle, typically of the order of kT for each irreversible function. This dissipation serves the purpose of standardizing signals and making them independent of their exact logical history. Two simple, but representative, models of bistable devices are subjected to a more detailed analysis of switching kinetics to yield the relationship between speed and energy dissipation, and to estimate the effects of errors induced by thermal fluctuations. '. back

Landauer, Rolf, "Dissipation and noise immunity in computation and communication ", Nature, 335, , 27 October 1988, page 779-784. 'Reversible computers which carry out each step without discarding information can, in principle, dissipate arbitrarily small amounts of energy per step if the computation is carried out sufficiently slowly. This has caused a re-examination of energy requirements in communication and measurement. There also, it is only those steps that discard information which have a lower limit on energy consumption. Such steps can be avoided in the transmission of information.'. back

Springel, Volker, Carlos S Frenk, Simon D M While, "The large-scale structure of the universe", Nature, 440, 7088, 27 April 2006, page 1137-1144. 'Research over the past 25 years has led to the view that the rich tapestry of present-day cosmic structure arose during the first instants of creation, where weak ripples were imposed on the otherwise uniform and rapidly expanding primordial soup. Over 14 billion years of evolution, these ripples have been amplified to enormous proportions by gravitational forces, producing ever-growing concentrations of dark matter in which ordinary gases cool, condense and fragment to make galaxies. This process can be faithfully mimicked in large computer simulations, and tested by observations that probe the history of the Universe starting from just 400,000 years after the Big Bang.'. back

Weinberg, Steven, "The cosmological constant problem", Reviews of Modern Physics, 61, , 1989, page 1-23. 'Astronomical observations indicate that the cosmological constant is many orders of magnitude smaller than estimated in modern theories of elementary particles. After a brief review of the history of this problem, five different approaches to its solution are described.'. back

Links

Caryl Emerson, The Revolutionary Spectre of Russian Letters, 'In 2017, in Mr. Putin’s Russia, it is not so easy to bury books or exile writers so peremptorily. But apocalypse and nihilism, those specialties of Russian literary genius that Berdyaev unhappily considered so receptive to revolution and so hostile to culture, will continue to haunt Mr. Putin’s quest to restore Russian greatness.' back

Clemens Wergin, What Helmut Kohl Taught Bill Clinton, 'At a moment when the West is in exceptional disarray, there are some important lessons to be learned from Mr. Kohl. For one, the West is doomed when it starts giving in to Russian intimidation. A second: To keep and nourish an alliance, you sometimes have to do things that are good for all partners but don’t play well domestically. And finally, trust among allies is perhaps the most precious commodity of all, which you play with to everyone’s peril.' back

Evangelical counsels - Wikipedia, Evangelical counsels - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity), and obedience. As Jesus of Nazareth stated in the Canonical gospels, they are counsels for those who desire to become "perfect" . . . . The Catholic Church interprets this to mean that they are not binding upon all and hence not necessary conditions to attain eternal life (heaven). Rather they are "acts of supererogation" that exceed the minimum stipulated in the Commandments in the Bible. Christians that have made a public profession to order their life by the evangelical counsels, and confirmed this by a public religious vow before their competent church authority (the act of religious commitment called "profession"), are recognised as members of the consecrated life.' back

Event horizon - Wikipedia, Event horizon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In general relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In layman's terms, it is defined as the shell of "points of no return", i.e., the points at which the gravitational pull becomes so great as to make escape impossible, even for light. ' back

Hilbert space - Wikipedia, Hilbert space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is an abstract vector space possessing the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Furthermore, Hilbert spaces are complete: there are enough limits in the space to allow the techniques of calculus to be used.' back

Karen Strojek, Torrens, our land-title pioneer, might have approved of privatized registries, 'Recent government moves to commercialise Australia’s state-based land-titles registries have generated strong concerns about transparency, security of title and loss of government revenue. It might surprise some readers that Sir Robert Richard Torrens, the man behind Australia’s cadastral “Torrens system” of conveyancing and land-title registration, was an economic liberal who just might have approved of the trend towards privatisation. . . . On the other hand, it has allowed faster, easier land speculation and wild fluctuations in property values. It seems that Torrens didn’t anticipate the phenomenon of the commodity price bubble and couldn’t foresee growing, public disquiet over market failures.' back

Kevin Quealy, Your Rabbi? Probably a Democrat. Your Baptist Pastor? Probably a Republican. Your priest? Who knows, 'America’s pastors – the men and women a majority of Americans look to for help in finding meaning and purpose in their lives – are even more politically divided than the rest of us, according to a new data set representing the largest compilation of American religious leaders ever assembled.' back

Moustafa Bayoumi, Trump is scared the Brits will be mean to him? Classic strongman fragility, 'Trump has long been courting autocrats and chumming with dictators, as if supporting their brutality will make him appear as a leader worthy of the respect of the masses. And, like these autocrats, now he’s running away from protests, too. But the thing about strongmen is that their respect is always purchased by violence, corruption, and threats, and never through consent. This explains why the strongman is constantly afraid of losing the love of his people, though this is a love he never really had or deserves.' back

Mutual assured destruction - Wikipedia, Mutual assured destruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender (see pre-emptive nuclear strike and second strike).[1] It is based on the theory of deterrence, which holds that the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy's use of those same weapons. The strategy is a form of Nash equilibrium in which, once armed, neither side has any incentive to initiate a conflict or to disarm.' back

Nora Ibrahim, Explainer: what Islam actually says about domestic violence, 'Abusive behaviour towards a woman is also forbidden because it contradicts the objectives of Islamic jurisprudence – specifically the preservation of life and reason, and the Qur’anic injunctions of righteousness and kind treatment.' back

Scott Shane, Malware Case Is Major Blow for the N.S.A, 'WASHINGTON — Since August, when a mysterious group calling itself the Shadow Brokers announced that it was auctioning off highly classified National Security Agency hacking tools, a low-grade panic has seized the nation’s largest intelligence agency. In April, when the Shadow Brokers dumped dozens of the agency’s software exploits on the web, free to criminals and foreign spies alike, the clock began ticking toward inevitable calamity.' back

Torah - Wikipedia, Torah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Torah (. . . "Instruction, Teaching"), or the Pentateuch . . . , is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. It has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books of the twenty-four books of the Tanakh, and it usually includes the rabbinic commentaries. The term Torah means instruction and offers a way of life for those who follow it; it can mean the continued narrative from Genesis to the end of the Tanakh, and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching, culture and practice.' back

Wikipedia, Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem, 'The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is a fundamental result in the field of information theory, in particular telecommunications and signal processing. The theorem is commonly called Shannon's sampling theorem, and is also known as Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon, WKS, etc., sampling theorem, as well as the Cardinal Theorem of Interpolation Theory. In addition to its mathematical originator E. T. Whittaker, and its American engineering originators Claude Shannon and Harry Nyquist, it is also attributed to the Russian engineering originator V. A. Kotelnikov and sometimes to its German engineering originators Karl Küpfmüller and H. Raabe, or its Japanese originator I. Someya. J. M. Whittaker developed it further and called it the Cardinal theorem. It is often referred to as simply the sampling theorem.' back