Crawford (2021), Kate, Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence, Yale U Press 2022 Crawford is a leading scholar of the social implications of AI. FShe is a resarch Professor at USC Annenberg, a senior principal rsarcher at Microsoft Rsearch, and the in augural visiting chair of AI and Jsticr at the École Normale Supérieure. 
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Elliott (1977), Mary, and (Foreword by Paul Ehrlich), Ground for Concern, Penguin Books 1977 Preface: 'This book is neither a political manifesto nor a textbook on nuclear power. It is a reasoned statement of the concern that Australians, and people throughout the world, feel about the prospects of a nuclear future. The authors have tried to grapple honestly with the problems of the atomic age, which is our age. They have tried to speak about complex matters in plain language.' 
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Hooper (2026), Rowan, Togetherness: Symbiosis and the Hidden Story of Life's Greatest Collaborations, Fern Press 2025 ' From evolution to capitalism, 'survival of the fittest' has shaped our view of the world. But we got it wrong - and our mistake has brought us to the brink. For the history of life on Earth is much more than a story of competition. The natural world has been forged and sustained by small miracles of co-operation between animals and plants, insects and fungi, fish and bacteria - these partnerships are ubiquitous, lifelong and are an essential guide for a better future. In Togetherness, Rowan Hooper reveals the intimate connectedness of nature through these remarkable stories of symbiosis. From the female wasp venturing deep inside a fig and the intricate relationship between corals and the algae that sustain them to the symbiotic gut microbes that influence our moods, he explores how co-operation is fundamental to life itself and to protecting our shared future.' 
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Independent Committee of Inquiry into Nuclear Weapons and Other Consequences of Australian Uranium Mining, Total Environment Centre, and Jeffrey Nicholls (Secretary), Australia and the nuclear choice: The report of the Independent Committee of Inquiry into Nuclear Weapons and Other Consequences of Australian Uranium Mining, Total Environment Centre 1984  
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Nicholls (2025), Jeffrey, Cognitive Cosmogenesis: A systematic unification of physics and theology, Austin Macauley Publishers 12025 ' This book is a personal narrative of those events and a defense of the belief that the universe itself is divine. The central argument is that by embracing this reality and abandoning notions of supernatural deities, humanity can resolve its problems. The universe, it is argued, is self-creating, and a proper understanding of physics leads to a plausible scientific theology. The natural intelligence inherent in the universe, from cellular organization to ecosystems, far surpasses any artificial intelligence. Comprehending this natural order, the author suggests, would make achieving world peace relatively straightforward. The book contends that modern theologians should recognize the physical world, rather than ancient texts, as the foundation for credible theology. It also addresses the historical entanglement of religion and politics, asserting that the model of creation presented herein fundamentally rejects the imperialistic ambitions that have fueled genocidal holy wars.'  
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von Neumann (2018), John, and Nicholas A. Wheeler (editor), Robert T Beyer (translator), Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press 2018 ' Quantum mechanics was still in its infancy in 1932 when the young John von Neumann, who would go on to become one of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century, published Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics--a revolutionary book that for the first time provided a rigorous mathematical framework for the new science. Robert Beyer's 1955 English translation, which von Neumann reviewed and approved, is cited more frequently today than ever before. But its many treasures and insights were too often obscured by the limitations of the way the text and equations were set on the page. In this new edition of this classic work, mathematical physicist Nicholas Wheeler has completely reset the book in TeX, making the text and equations far easier to read. He has also corrected a handful of typographic errors, revised some sentences for clarity and readability, provided an index for the first time, and added prefatory remarks drawn from the writings of Léon Van Hove and Freeman Dyson. The result brings new life to an essential work in theoretical physics and mathematics.' 
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Wicksteed (1986), P H, and F M Cornford, (translators), Aristotle, Physics books I-IV, Harvard University Press, William Heinemann 1986 ' Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of a physician. He studied under Plato at Athens and taught there (367–347); subsequently he spent three years at the court of a former pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at Mitylene, in 343–342 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.' 
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Anoushka Shankar Ensemble and Patricia Kopatchinskaya, Raga Piloo, Anoushka e Patricia Kopatchinskaja homenageando o incrível violinista e maestro Yehudi Menuhin em seu centenário . "Raga Piloo" é uma peça musical incluída no álbum "West Meets East vol-2", originalmente gravada por Ravi Shankar e Yehudi. Anoushka Shankar sitar Patricia Kopatchinskaja violin Tanmoy Bose tabla Pirashanna Thevarajah mridang Kenji Ota tanpura back

Aquinas, Summa I, 50, 4, Is every angel a different species?, ' . . . such things as agree in species but differ in number, agree in form, but are distinguished materially. If, therefore, the angels be not composed of matter and form, as was said above (Article 2), it follows that it is impossible for two angels to be of one species; just as it would be impossible for there to be several whitenesses apart, or several humanities, since whitenesses are not several, except in so far as they are in several substances.' back

Ben Jiangin & Ling Xin (2026_07_31), US scientist Elsa Reichmanis defends global collaboration amid scrutiny of science exchange, 'American materials scientist Elsa Reichmanis, whose pioneering work helped lay part of the foundation for modern semiconductor manufacturing, said scientific collaboration should transcend rivalry after receiving one of China’s highest honours for foreign experts, describing science as “a universal language” that benefits all of society. Reichmanis, a professor of chemical engineering in Lehigh University’s department of chemical and biomolecular engineering and the director of its Institute for Functional Materials and Devices, was one of nine recipients of the China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award in early July. The award recognises exceptional contributions to scientific exchanges and collaboration with Chinese researchers. Reichmanis is best known for her groundbreaking work on chemically amplified photoresists – light-sensitive materials used to etch microscopic circuits onto silicon wafers. Her chemistry made it commercially viable to pack tens of millions of transistors – or more – onto a single silicon chip, laying the groundwork for the nanoscale semiconductor industry. back

Bran Nue Day, Drama Comedy Musical, 'A rebellious boy runs away from a Catholic boarding school and tries to hitchhike to his Indigenous home' back

Camille Gijs (2026_07_26), Russia wants 30,000 more troops from North Korea, Zelenskyy says, ' Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that Moscow wants to bring in 30,000 additional troops from North Korea to fight alongside Russian forces in the Kremlin’s war against Ukraine.
"We also see Russia’s cooperation with North Korea. Russia wants to receive another 30,000 troops from North Korea," Zelenskyy said in his nightly address Saturday evening. "Since June, preparations have been under way in Russia’s Voronezh region to receive them."
According to estimates, Pyongyang already has transferred about 12,000 troops to Russia's Kursk border region, under a mutual defense pact signed with Moscow in 2024.
Over the course of the four-year war, Russian President Vladimir Putin has increasingly relied on North Korea to supply artillery shells and missiles. Bringing in North Korean troops is raising concerns about Moscow transferring its own military know-how to the regime of Kim Yong Un in Pyongyang.
"Russia is helping North Korea learn how to wage war, improve its weapons, and gain real combat experience in using them," Zelenskyy said.
"All of this is a threat to everyone in Asia who is within range of North Korean missiles. We will counter this," he said.' back

Community Aid Abroad - Peter Hayes, "Atoms for the Poor? Nuclear Power and the Third World", ' The Premise: The title directly plays on U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s famous 1953 "Atoms for Peace" initiative. Eisenhower's program promised that nuclear technology would deliver abundant, cheap electrical energy to developing nations.
The Critique: Hayes argued that exporting nuclear technology to the Global South was highly impractical, uneconomical, and dangerous. The authors demonstrated that the massive capital requirements, safety hazards, and lack of grid infrastructure made nuclear power a burden rather than a cure for poverty.The Philippine Case Study: A major focus of Hayes' work during this period was the controversial Bataan Nuclear Power Plant built by Westinghouse under the Marcos regime in the Philippines. He highlighted how it became a symbol of systemic corruption, financial waste, and immense environmental risk (due to being built near active fault lines).The Geopolitical Link: The report connected the global nuclear industry to corporate exploitation, noting that Western countries pushed reactors abroad while sourcing raw uranium from exploited indigenous territories, such as Aboriginal lands in Australia and Native American lands in the US.The Creators & OrganizationPeter Hayes: A co-founder of Friends of the Earth Australia. He went on to become an internationally renowned energy policy expert and the Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability.Jeffrey Nicholls & Neil Barrett: Activists and researchers who collaborated with Hayes during the intense Australian anti-uranium movement of the late 1970s.Community Aid Abroad: One of Australia's premier progressive non-governmental organizations at the time. By funding this report, they sought to pivot the foreign aid conversation away from heavy industrial mega-projects toward localized, renewable, and community-led energy solutions.If you are researching a specific aspect of this text, let me know if you need help finding the archived volumes, information on the 1970s Australian anti-uranium movement, or details about the Bataan nuclear plant controversy. back

David Ohinsky (2026_07_26), He Was One of America’s Most Important — and Most Divisive — Scientists, Review of ALBERT SABIN: The Life of a Polio Vaccine Pioneer, by Karen Torghele
Twenty years ago, the National Museum of American History held an exhibition titled “Whatever Happened to Polio?” It focused on Jonas Salk, whose vaccine helped tame the devastating virus that crippled and killed tens of thousands of children in the baby boom era following World War II. Salk became a national icon, our first homegrown celebrity-scientist. His face adorned the cover of Time magazine. Numerous biographies appeared. When people speak of polio today, it’s Salk they remember.
The adulation served to marginalize the contributions of others, none more so than Albert Sabin, whose competing polio vaccine proved essential in controlling the disease. Sabin remained in the shadows for several reasons, including his sour demeanor and the fact that Salk’s vaccine came out before his own. Karen Torghele’s “Albert Sabin: The Life of a Polio Vaccine Pioneer” is the first serious biography to appear. It does full justice to one of medicine’s forgotten giants. [. . .]
Sabin’s early career cemented his reputation as a gifted researcher, but a troubled colleague. It reached the point, says Torghele, where his mentors felt compelled to warn prospective employers. While working at the prestigious Rockefeller Institute, Sabin received a lucrative offer from the Children’s Hospital of Cincinnati, where he’d spend most of his career. The key recommendation came from Tom Rivers, the institute’s exalted hospital director, who concluded: “He has a very hard time getting along with people here, but he is a genius!” [. . .]
Torghele, an epidemiologist who worked at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more than 25 years, is a sure guide to the breakthroughs that made Sabin’s work possible. Researchers discovered that there are three types of polioviruses, that all could be safely grown in a laboratory, and that they enter through the mouth, replicate in the gut and use the bloodstream to reach the nervous system, where the damage occurs. The obvious solution was a vaccine.[. . .]
Sabin’s vaccine was fully licensed in the United States in 1962. The number of confirmed polio cases in 1960 causing permanent paralysis or death stood at 2,525 — a dramatic drop from a high of 21,269 in 1952, before Salk’s vaccine became available. By the mid-1970s, that figure had dropped below 20, thanks largely to Sabin’s laboratory magic. Polio seemed on the verge of eradication.' back

Emily Wilson (2026_08_13), An Uncomplicated Man, ' Nolan's Odyssey lacks many of the elements that make the poem great. It has nothing convincing to say about time, memory, history, war or about one warrior's glorious return and the lives of his family, adversaries, friends, comrades and neighbours. It lacks psychologicsl, emotional, political and ethical depth. Its narrative structure is gimmicky. The writing is abysmal. None of his characters has convincing motivation for their actions of words. There are no sex scenes and the food looks horrible.' back

Jane Goodall (2023_02_24), Free speech or ‘genocide cheering’? Ukranian authors withdraw from Adelaide Writers’ Week , 'This week, Ukrainian writer Maria Tumarkin announced her withdrawal from Adelaide Writers’ Week, along with fellow Ukrainians Olesya Khromeychuk and Kateryna Babkina. (Tumarkin writes that she doesn’t support calls for resignations, cancellations, or boycotts of the event.)
A statement posted on Tumarkin’s website quotes from letters the three Ukranian writers wrote to Writers’ Week director Louise Adler about the festival’s inclusion of Palestinian author Susan Abulhawa, who has shared a tweet from Putin: “DeNazify Ukraine”, and stated:
"Zelenskyy would rather drag the world into the inferno of World War III, instead of giving up NATO ambitions. He would rather pull us all into slaughter than allow Ukraine to prosper as a neutral nation."
According to Denis Muller, writing on The Conversation last week, arguments against Abulhawa’s language are “fundamentally political”.
Tumarkin’s statement takes issue with this perspective:
"Statements in which Zelensky (who’s Jewish) is called a Nazi, fascist, someone responsible for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and/or WWIII are not anti-Zelensky and/or pro-Putin. They are forms of genocide cheering (a step up from genocide apology). They do not exist in the space of discourse only and do not represent something that can be classified as merely a contentious political opinion." [. . . ] In the past year she’s learned a lot, she says, and “perhaps the most salient lesson is that anti-war can mean pro-genocide”. It means pro-genocide in Ukraine now, she writes, while: "Russian troops are killing, raping, torturing and kidnapping civilians across Ukraine, and so long as Russian missiles are destroying hospitals, schools and residential highrises with sleeping families inside them daily and nightly. Ukraine by now is the most mined country in the world. They mine dead mothers with still-alive babies tied to them".' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1967), How universal is the universe?, ' 61 The future is beyond our comprehension, but we can get an idea of it and speed its coming by studying what we already have. Contemplating the size and wonder of the universe as it stands in the light of its openness to the future must surely be a powerful incentive to men to love God. We have come a long way since the little world of St Thomas. Ours is open to all things, even participating in god. This is what I mean by universal. ' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1987), A theory of Peace, ' The argument: I began to think about peace in a very practical way during the Viet Nam war. I was the right age to be called up. I was exempted because I was a clergyman, but despite the terrors that war held for me, I think I might have gone. It was my first whiff of the force of patriotism. To my amazement, it was strong enough to make even me face death.
In the Church, I became embroiled in a deeper war. Not a war between goodies and baddies, but the war between good and evil that lies at the heart of all human consciousness. Existence is a struggle. We need all the help we can get. Religion is part of that help and theology is the scientific foundation of religion.' back

Jimmy Chi, Nothing I would Rather Be, There's nothing I would rather be
Than to be an Aborigine
and watch you take my precious land away.
For nothing gives me greater joy
than to watch you fill each girl and boy
with superficial, existential shit.

Now you may think I'm cheeky
But I'd be satisfied
to rebuild your convict ships
and sail them on the tide.

There's nothing I would rather be than to be an Aborigine
And dream of just what heaven must be like.
Where moth and rust do not corrupt.

When I die I know I'll be going up
Cos you know that I've had my hell on earth
You gave us ten commandments we know we are informed
Judgement day is coming!
We're always being warned
There's nothing I would rather be than to be an Aborigine
and watch you take my precious land away
and watch you take my precious land away.' back

Jimmy Chi - Wikipedia, Jimmy Chi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' James Ronald Chi (1948 - 2017) was born in Broome, Western Australia in 1948 to a father of Chinese and Japanese descent and a mother of Scottish and Aboriginal (Bardi and Nyulnyul) descent.
Chi attended a Catholic school in Perth, and went on to university in WA. However, he was involved in a serious car accident, and, after coming out of a three-week coma, developed bipolar affective disorder.He became severely depressed, but was helped by his faith.
After returning to Broome in 1970, he bought a guitar and started writing songs, initially on his own. Stephen Pigram and Michael Manolis joined him in songwriting, and in the early 1980s the three of them, along with Garry Gower and Patrick Bin Amat moved to Adelaide, South Australia, to study music at the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music (CASM) and the University of Adelaide.[. . .]
back

Karl Riemer & Sandra Peter (2026-07_31), Sam Altman says we’re ‘in the singularity’ with AI. Here’s why he’s wrong, ' “We are now, like, in the singularity”.
These are the words of Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, speaking on the Relentless podcast on July 25.
He added: “I’ve been waiting for this my whole life, and I think it’s going to be incredible, hugely positive, awesome for the world”.
Days earlier, OpenAI had disclosed that two of its artificial intelligence (AI) models, during an internal cyber security evaluation, had escaped their sealed testing environment, reached the open internet, and broken into the infrastructure of the AI platform Hugging Face, which confirmed the intrusion.
But what exactly is “the singularity”? And is Altman right that we are in it?
The term has a precise meaning.
Mathematician and science-fiction author Vernor Vinge defined it in 1993 as a point at which machine intelligence exceeds human intelligence and begins improving itself, triggering an acceleration so rapid that humans can no longer predict or control it.
The singularity has two features. It is recursive: the system improves itself over and over again. And machine intelligence exceeds human intelligence.
The kind of systems Sam Altman sells don’t deliver on either of these features.' back

Linda Dayan (2026_07_23), Israel's Far Right Is Repeating the Sin That Brought Down the Temple, ' As a small child in Modern Orthodox day school, I was taught that the Temple Mount – Judaism's holiest site, where the two ancient temples once stood, is off-limits. [. . .]
For the past 1,300 years or so, this generational taboo has been very convenient. It helped avoid large-scale confrontation with Muslim worshippers after the Umayyad conquerors built the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock on the site, which is considered the third-holiest in Islam. To keep us safe, it's best to keep away from the whole area and to keep it sacrosanct. Jews pray at the Western Wall instead, the closest we can get.
But under the auspices of National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, and with the ascension of the messianic far-right to power in Israel, the taboo is gradually unraveling. Against the orders of Israel's chief rabbis, Jewish pilgrims increasingly flock to the holy site.
On Thursday, for the day of mourning of Tisha b'Av, about 1,000 of them came to pray, sing, prostrate themselves and generally assert their sovereignty over the powder keg. Ben-Gvir reveled in the display, during which 16 Jews were arrested on suspicion of rioting and causing damage to a nearby Muslim cemetery. [. . .]
The last time it happened there, actually, was two thousand years ago. But according to Jewish tradition, the reason the Second Temple was destroyed – on Tisha b'Av – is sin'at chinam, which translates as "baseless hatred" – a sin even the pious were guilty of. [. . .] I've personally seen more baseless hatred – the sort of fiery-eyed rage that makes a person ready to physically attack a stranger based solely on preconceived notions – in the past few years than I have in my entire life. I saw it from teens jeering and throwing coffee at activists and press at a rally for a young draft refuser. I saw it as youths ransacked Palestinian storefronts and mobbed anyone they perceived to be different from them on Jerusalem Day.' back

Nagham Zbeedat (2026_07_26), Al Jazeera Reportedly Ends Contracts of Over 20 Gazan Journalists After Years of War Coverage, ' Al Jazeera has terminated or declined to renew the contracts of more than 20 Palestinian journalists who reported for the network's Arabic-language stations and site throughout the war in the Gaza Strip, according to Gaza 24 Live, a social media page launched in December 2025 that bills itself as an independent Palestinian digital news platform.
The platform reported last week that the affected media workers included correspondents, producers, camera operators and other journalists, adding that some said they had previously been assured by the network's management that their jobs were stable and that Al Jazeera would not abandon them.
Among those who said they lost their jobs was Mohammed Shaheen, a correspondent based in northern Gaza, wrote on social media last week that he had imagined his work ending as it had for colleagues killed during the war, including Anas al-Sharif and Ismail al-Ghoul. "But God's will prevails, and there is no blame on anyone," he added, thanking Al Jazeera's previous management for trusting the Gaza team to tell the Palestinian story in its own voice. [. . .]
Al Jazeera did not respond to Haaretz's request for comment and has made no public announcement explaining the dismissals. Gaza 24 Live did not specify whether those affected were staff employees or freelance contributors working under contract, and Haaretz could not independently verify the total number or employment status of all those reportedly dismissed. [. . .]
The staff cuts come less than a year after Qatari businessman and former diplomat Sheikh Nasser bin Faisal al-Thani was appointed director general of Al Jazeera Media Network in September 2025.[. . .]
At least 241 Palestinian journalists and media workers have been killed in Gaza since the beginning of the war, according to the International Federation of Journalists and the Palestinian Journalists Syndicate. Others have been wounded, detained or remain missing.'Abstract Polyploidy is a major evolutionary force generating genetic novelty over macroevolutionary scales, shaping the diversification and success of flowering plants. Channel millet, a wild C4 millet, is from semi-arid and arid inland Australia. Here we show that Channel millet is a dodecaploid by generating a high-quality, de novo, haplotype-resolved genome assembly (2.66 Gb). Subgenome-specific repetitive sequences resolve the evolutionary relationships of this allopolyploid to six ancestral progenitors. The haplotypes of each subgenome show low heterozygosity yet substantial diversity exists between subgenomes, likely underpinning the species’ ecological success and vigour. This extreme polyploidy could be an adaptation to the high environmental variation. Archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence suggests that this species has a long history of use as food, which, along with the highly variable environment, may have contributed to the evolution of this unique genome structure. The genomic complexity within the Echinochloa complex provides critical insights into wild extreme polyploid evolution back

Natural Theology.net, First Wayback Record, Wayback Machine 202 captures 8 Mar 2001 - 12 Dec 2025 Feb Mar Apr 08 2000 2001 2002 About this capture The natural religion project related sites Theology [here]: naturalTheology.net | Religion: naturalReligion.org | Power: natural-Spirit.com | Justice: nakedIcame.com natural theology banner logo in association with Amazon.com Please support this project by buying books from Amazon.com through the links on this site Search the web BACK Home Page Home About Next: Previous: Development toc History toc Supplementary toc Contents New About Natural Theology Development : Current development of natural theology Essays : Longer attempts to clarify our position History : A few things written on the way to this site Supplementary : Additional documents and notes Top next: previous: Google Search WWW Search None BACK site scripted with Frontier This page was last built on 22/1/01; 10:02:43 PM by jeffrey. calypso@midcoast.com.au bottomLine picture back

On shell and off shell - Wikipedia, On shell and off shell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physics, particularly in quantum field theory, configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on shell, and those that do not are called off shell. [. ..]
Mass shell is a synonym for mass hyperboloid, meaning the hyperboloid in energy–momentum space describing the solutions to the equation: E² − |p|²c² = m₀²c⁴ The mass–energy equivalence formula which gives the energy E in terms of the momentum p and the rest mass m ₀ of a particle. The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light c = 1, as p^μp_μ ≡ p². [. . .]
Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagators in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are. [. . .] The propagator typically has singularities on the mass shell.
In quantum field theory, virtual particles are termed off shell because they do not satisfy the energy–momentum relation; real exchange particles do satisfy this relation and are termed on shell (mass shell). In classical mechanics for instance, in the action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler–Lagrange equations give the on-shell equations. Noether's theorem regarding differentiable symmetries of physical action and conservation laws is another on-shell theorem.' back

Peter C. Mancall (2026_06_24), The US founders’ other revolutionary choice: Separating religion and government, ' Did the founders of the United States intend to create a Christian nation? Political leaders who addressed a prayer rally on the National Mall on May 17, 2026, seem to think so: House Speaker Mike Johnson led the crowd in “rededicat(ing) the United States of America as one nation under God.”
Some, and perhaps many, scholars would say no: that while many founders were religious, as a group they concluded that the national government should not support any particular faith.
As a scholar of Colonial North America, I believe that history provides an answer. European colonizers in lands that became the United States did link church and state. But the architects of the new nation broke from that idea as surely as they broke from Britain. [. . .]
The “Doctrine of Discovery,” proclaimed by the Vatican in 1493, granted European monarchs title over lands occupied by non-Christians and urged them to convert the people who lived there. [. . .]
Article 6 of the United States Constitution, written in Philadelphia in 1787, forbade any religious oaths for those who wanted to hold office. The First Amendment, which became part of the Constitution in late 1791, held that Congress “shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”
The leaders of the American Revolution did not agree on all matters of faith. But had they wanted public support of religious institutions, they had plenty of models at hand – including the Church of England.
They decided, instead, that a durable republic could best survive if politics and religion inhabited different spheres. This recognition contradicted almost two centuries of Colonial practice, making it among the most radical achievements of the founding era.' back

Rahul Chandora et al (2026_05_30, Genome analysis of Channel millet reveals a wild dodecaploid shaped by environmental variability, ' Abstract Polyploidy is a major evolutionary force generating genetic novelty over macroevolutionary scales, shaping the diversification and success of flowering plants. Channel millet, a wild C4 millet, is from semi-arid and arid inland Australia. Here we show that Channel millet is a dodecaploid by generating a high-quality, de novo, haplotype-resolved genome assembly (2.66 Gb). Subgenome-specific repetitive sequences resolve the evolutionary relationships of this allopolyploid to six ancestral progenitors. The haplotypes of each subgenome show low heterozygosity yet substantial diversity exists between subgenomes, likely underpinning the species’ ecological success and vigour. This extreme polyploidy could be an adaptation to the high environmental variation. Archaeological and ethnohistoric evidence suggests that this species has a long history of use as food, which, along with the highly variable environment, may have contributed to the evolution of this unique genome structure. The genomic complexity within the Echinochloa complex provides critical insights into wild extreme polyploid evolution back

Tensor product - Wikipedia, Tensor product - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In mathematics, the tensor product V ⊗ W of two vector spaces V and W {\displaystyle W} (over the same field) is a vector space to which is associated a bilinear map V × W → V ⊗ W that maps a pair (v , w) where v ∈ V, w ∈ W, to an element of V ⊗ W denoted ⁠ v ⊗ w. An element of the form v ⊗ w is called the tensor product of v and w. An element of V ⊗ W is a tensor, and the tensor product of two vectors is sometimes called an elementary tensor or a decomposable tensor. The elementary tensors span V ⊗ W in the sense that every element of V ⊗ W is a sum of elementary tensors. If bases are given for V and W, a basis of V ⊗ W is formed by all tensor products of a basis element of V and a basis element of W. The tensor product of two vector spaces captures the properties of all bilinear maps in the sense that a bilinear map from V × W into another vector space Z factors uniquely through a linear map V ⊗ W → Z, i.e. the bilinear map is associated to a unique linear map from the tensor product V ⊗ W to Z. Tensor products are used in many application areas, including physics and engineering. For example, in general relativity, the gravitational field is described through the metric tensor, which is a tensor field with one tensor at each point of the space-time manifold, and each belonging to the tensor product of the cotangent space at the point with itself.' back

The Federalist Papers - Wikipedia, The Federalist Papers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'Rhe Federalist is a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the collective pseudonym Publius to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. The papers themselves came to be known collectively as the Federalist Papers beginning in the nineteenth century.
The first seventy-seven of these essays were published serially in the Independent Journal, the New York Packet, and the Daily Advertiser between October 1787 and April 1788. A compilation of these 77 essays and eight others were published in two volumes as The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787, by publishing firm J. & A. McLean in March and May 1788. The last eight papers (Nos. 78–85) were republished in the New York newspapers between June 14 and August 16, 1788.
The authors of The Federalist intended to influence the voters to ratify the Constitution. In Federalist No. 1, Hamilton explicitly sets that debate in broad political terms:
It has been frequently remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident and force.' back

UNESCO, UNESDOC Digital Library, International Congress on the Sun in the Service of Mankind, Paris, 1973: (working papers V1-V30), V1: Photosynthesis: An Unfolding Discovery
Eugene Rabinowick, Fellow, Woodrow Wilson Internstional Centre for Scholars, Smithsonian Institution.
'About 1618, a Dutch alchemist, van Helmont frew a willow tree in a bucket if sand and foud that the sand wifghtes as much afrerward as before the tree had grwn ro sizeable proportiobs. Although the law of aoncervation of matter was discovered onky a hundrd years larer (it was proposed by Lomonosova in Russia in 1748 and by Lavoisier in France in 1770), con Helmont wondred where the material of which the tree was formed , and decided thst it must have been the water used to wet the sand.

White, Close & Villar (2026_07_28), The ban on telehealth in voluntary assisted dying doesn’t stack up. Here’s why it should be scrapped, ' The law preventing telehealth in voluntary assisted dying is in the spotlight again after the Labor national conference resolved to repeal it, via a conscience vote.
The Commonwealth Criminal Code criminalises promoting, inciting or providing instructions on “suicide” over a “carriage service”. This law, passed in 2005, was originally aimed at pro-suicide websites and internet chat rooms.
But in 2023, the Federal Court concluded the code applied to the new state voluntary assisted dying laws.
While telehealth is usually an integral part of modern health care, health practitioners risk prosecution for using it in voluntary assisted dying.
To address this risk, some aspects of the voluntary assisted dying process, such as eligibility assessments, are not discussed by phone or videoconference in some states.
But “carriage service” also includes internet, email and fax, so the ban is very broad. It limits some emails between health-care practitioners and patients.
In some jurisdictions, voluntary assisted dying prescriptions are hand delivered or posted, not emailed or faxed.
The law preventing telehealth in voluntary assisted dying is problematic and should be scrapped.[. . .]
Telehealth is commonly used in other countries that allow voluntary assisted dying. This benefits both patients and clinicians.
Some other jurisdictions such as the United States and Canada have regulations or clinical guidelines that frame how telehealth may be used in voluntary assisted dying.
But Australia is the only country that prohibits it. [. . .]
The legislative fix is simple. Just one sentence is needed:
In this Subdivision, “suicide” does not include voluntary assisted dying carried out lawfully pursuant to a law of a State or Territory. [. . .]
There is a large body of evidence showing this ban is causing harm. Repealing it will allow states and territories to regulate the safe use of telehealth within voluntary assisted dying through their existing guidelines and regulation.' back

Widdows, Kitto & Cohen (2021_01_12), Quantum Mathematics in Artificial Intelligence, ' In the decade since 2010, successes in artificial intelligence have been at the forefront of computer science and technology, and vector space models have solidified a position at the forefront of artificial intelligence. At the same time, quantum computers have become much more powerful, and announcements of major advances are frequently in the news.The mathematical techniques underlying both these areas have more in common than is some-times realized. Vector spaces took a position at the axiomatic heart of quantum mechanics in the 1930s, and this adoption was a key motivation for the derivation of logic and probability from the linear geometry of vector spaces. Quantum interactions between particles are modelled using the tensor product, which is also used to express objects and operations in artificial neural networks. This paper describes some of these common mathematical areas, including examples of how they are used in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in automated reasoning and natural language processing (NLP). Techniques discussed include vector spaces, scalar products, subspacesand implication, orthogonal projection and negation, dual vectors, density matrices, positive operators, and tensor products. Application areas include information retrieval, categorization and implication, modelling word-senses and disambiguation, inference in knowledge bases, decision making, and semantic composition. Some of these approaches can potentially be implemented on quantum hardware. Many of the practical steps in this implementation are in early stages, and some are already realized. Explaining some of the common mathematical tools can help researchers in both AI and quantum computing further exploit these overlaps, recognizing and exploring new directions along the way.' back

Wojciech Hubert Zurek (2008), Quantum origin of quantum jumps: Breaking of unitary symmetry induced by information transfer and the transition from quantum to classical, 'Submitted on 17 Mar 2007 (v1), last revised 18 Mar 2008 (this version, v3)) Measurements transfer information about a system to the apparatus, and then further on – to observers and (often inadvertently) to the environment. I show that even imperfect copying essential in such situations restricts possible unperturbed outcomes to an orthogonal subset of all possible states of the system, thus breaking the unitary symmetry of its Hilbert space implied by the quantum superposition principle. Preferred outcome states emerge as a result. They provide framework for the “wavepacket collapse”, designating terminal points of quantum jumps, and defining the measured observable by specifying its eigenstates.' back