Natural Theology

We have just published a new website that develops the ideas of this site. Available at Cognitive Cosmology.com.

Contact us: Click to email

Notes DB 90: Hylopsychism

Sunday 19 November 2023 - Saturday 25 November 2023

[page 313]

Sunday 19 November 2023

[page 4]

I was saved from damage by the shock of being ostracized by my family in 2017 by my intense involvement in theology. This year I am celebrating 60 years since I began my theological career in 1963 and I am beginning to see that there might be come truth in my latest product, page 23 of Quantum Field Theory on my website Cognitive Cosmology. I hope this will be complete by the end of the year so that I can start to promote it, convert it into a popular book, a personal testament, and begin to seek reconciliation with my family by trying to convince them that their accusations against me are false. My best evidence is that although they accused me of a serious crime and there appear to have been many witnesses against me, the police took no action. They merely warned me to be wary of my family because they were all piling on against me. Why, I do not know.

[page 5]

What can we say about the matter-antimatter symmetry to round off cc23_quantum_field. A mystery? Does the Turing vacuum have an answer? Something to do with gravitation? Dirac equation? Weak interaction symmetry breaking? Why does this happen? Is there a reason or a random event? [from an evolutionary point of view the reason may be the same as I suggested on page 12: The quantum creation of Minkowski space that this development enables a massive increase in the entropy of the Universe (since it would not be destroyed by matter being annihilated by antimatter) and therefore there a selective advantage in preventing this annihilation]. Here is a problem to solve which seems totally beyond my ability but maybe the idea of cognitive cosmology might help. I am in a dream world anyway, reading Einstein's article about his approach to general relativity. What I have been talking about all along is symmetry breaking, starting with the zero energy universe break into potential and kinetic energy. What is the analogy here, if any, with matter and anti-matter and Feynman's idea of the direction of time. Next move, Quantum Chromodynamics. Baryon asymmetry - Wikipedia, Albert Einstein (1924): The Principle of Relativity: A Collection of original Papers

Monday 20 November 2023

A bit of a challenge for my old age and it will all revolve around my dream, describing the world of hadrons in the language of the weirdly named 'Turing vacuum. What does a vacuum mean? The kinematic source of the Universe. We solve the cosmological constant problem by claiming that zero point energy is kinematic if it exists at all and that the quantum of action, which leads to the uncertainty principle which drives high frequencies . All wrong, as described in cc20_fixed_points.

[page 6]

Rosalynn Carter, the Steel Magnolia dies. Associated Press: Former US first lady Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter, dies at 96

cc24_chromodynamics: I am not happy with the assumption of infinities and the application of renormalization and negative and positive shielding in the development of QCD even though 't Hooft and Veltman won Nobel prizes for the renormalizability of gauge theories. Martinus J G Veltman: Nobel Lecture 1999: From weak interactions to gravitation, Gerardus 't Hooft: Nobel Lecture 1999: A Confrontation with Infinity

Veltman's Nobel lecture seems to violate my heuristic of simplicity, but we may be prepared to admit that the weak interaction can be very complex.

Feynman "Since nobody has solved the problem it was obviously not worthwhile to investigate what they had done." It is clear that evolution has solved all of these problems, so the evolutionary methodology is worth following which is (impossibly?) to create a line of mutations that have led from some reasonable starting point to the conclusion we seek rather like my attempt to provide a quantum mechanical explanation of the Minkowski metric. The historical literature records lots of forgotten dead ends (extinctions) and all we are left with is the living proof. My desire is to get from my initial singularity to a proton, but do we go via electrodynamics or is electrodynamics a consequence of chromodynamics?

Veltman page 14 of 17: "I have introuced the name "screening theorem" in this connection. Nature seems to have been very careful in hiding the Higgs particle from actual observation. My project is an exercise in hubristic stupidity, but what am I going to do with my life? And I have no doubt that the universe is divine and all of this is just a subset of that project. The main result, that particles are the carriers of the spirit, is long since in the bag. Now the big question is what do I want for breakfast? Omelette with bacon. Some progress with QFT and QCD would be the icing on the cake.

Veltman conclusion: "The mind wrenching transition of field theory in the sixties to the present day gauge-field theory is not really visible anymore, and it is surely hard to understand for the present generation of field theorists. the might ask: Why did it take so log? Perhaps the above provides some answer to that question.

My basic idea is that there are no actual infinities. Renormalization was devised to deal with fictitious infinities and so it is also a fiction and we must learn to deal with the finite quantized universe snd the only way to deal with this is logical [most probably quantum logical computation [but this needs to be expressed in human readable language].

[page 8]

't Hooft: A Confrontation with Infinity, Nobel 8 November 1999

Another glorious Monday, inspired by the concept that evolution invented the clitoris to encourage females to undertake the dangerous and sometimes fatal task of reproduction. One of the evils of many religions is that they seek to force women to reproduce without pleasure.

't Hooft: All the renormalization stuff happens when we are working in Minkowski space, but the reality of quantum mechanics occurs in Hilbert space which is outside Minkowski space and so can be considered to exist inside zero-size articles like (we assume) electron. Physical electrons interact in Minkowski space via photons and even if the electrons are touching they exchange virtual photons in both directions and so share their internal stated just as people do when they meet and maybe touch and or mate.

't Hooft page 364: Those damned quantum fluctuations again. Where does the energy come from to drive the

[page 9]

fluctuations? All this stuff is denial of the principle of conservation of energy, which according to Noether demands a continuum without fluctuation to come true. The cosmological constant problem tells us that fluctuations and zero point energy do not exist except to the small extent necessary to account for the Casimir effect and the Lamb shift and these can easily be explained by the existence of other real couplings. The negative scaling of Yang-Mills illustrated on page 363 of 't Hooft also suggests thst fluctustions are meaningless. Why should they give a different result in Yang-Mills? Casimir effect - Wikipedia, , Neuenschwander (2011)

't Hooft page 365: SU(2) forces act only on left rotating fermions, ie they are going around the polar complex plane in one particular direction.

'Entirely new theories must be found for the small distance structure. Logical theories [executed by quantum computation in Hilbert space] do not care about energy or distance, only about logical states which are encoded in the phase of vectors in Hilbert space, which phases are constructed by the superposition of basis states as we see in the water waved resulting from throwing a handful of stoners onto the surface of a placid pond. Superposition is possible on water surfaces because they are represented by large numbers of discrete particvles loosely coupled by viscosity.

Hilbert space is kinematic representation.

[page 10]

Tuesday 21 November 2023

Just plough ahead. Like the random input to evolution, I cannot control my mind and my insights, but when they come I am motivated to incorporate them into my story so far and revise those thins that I see to be wrong.

Much physics since the invention of calculus has been done by linearizing things by considering them on an infinitesimal scale and then integrating to get back to reality. This leads to trouble when denominators become 0. The beauty of quantum mechanics is that its principal operation, superposition, is already linear and the operators used to process the vectors in Hilbert space use simple arithmetic of multiplication and addition from which most of the magic emerges through the use of complex numbers. Implicit in the power of evolution is the power of reproduction which is a periodic phenomenon which introduces waves and exponentiation into the [real, physical] picture.

Why do I feel niggledy? My life is perfect. My pension flows in and I am free to work on my world shattering ideas from seven in the morning to midnight with a snooze in the afternoon. It is true that no-one takes much notice of me, but I am happy with that. I spent about 40 years as a jack of all trades maintaining the physical world in shape and writing theological thoughts in my spare time, trying to build on my first idea, How universal is the universe? Jeffrey Nicholls (1967): How universal is the universe?

[page 11]

Now as an old age pensioner I am free of all these overheads and the only source of stress is the disparity between my dreams and my ability, multiplied by the pressure I feel to develop a marketable product. And the only advice I can give myself is to ignore my home made deadlines, take your time, look after yourself. If your parents are anything to go by, you still have 20 years to finish the job. One day I will search these notes and see how many times I have said that. Meanwhile I seek inspiration in 't Hooft and Novaes, trying to explain gauge theory in a page about quantum field theory so that I can contrast it with my network models, classical and quantum. Gerardus 't Hooft (2005); 50 Years of Yang Mills Theory, Sergio F. Novaes: Standard Model: An Introduction

I can only write what I know and I do not know a lot about the current state of quantum field theory, but I do know a bit of the old theology and a bit about evolution and I am trying to put these things together to make a story. My first steps, from God to Trinity to initial singularity through Hilbert space to quantum mechanics seem to me to be quite plausible and to avoid some of the pitfalls I see in the big bang theory [and the notion that we can truly describe the world in continuous mathematics]. My first 'discovery', given my assumption that Hilbert space is independent and precedes Minkowski space, was the idea that Minkowski space is a product of quantum mechanics and the most interesting point about this is the Minkowski metric which enables massless particles like photons to travel in effect outside Minkowski spacetime carrying quantum states with

[page 12]

them and acting as memory . The photons of the microwave background are 14 billion years old and they carry the quantum state they were created with from then until now. Back in their more local environment they also functioned as memory. Now I do not know how quantum theory created Minkowski space and the particles within it, but I assume that it happened and the reason it happened is because the creation of space enabled a vast increase in the entropy of the universe [by multiplying the number of spatially separated fermions particles and their enclosed Hilbert spaces]. This look a bit like I am invoking the final cause to explain the creation of the world, but there is a logical statistical explanation [so Boltzmann thought?] and I believe the same explanation holds for whatever process the Universe discovered to overcome the anti-matter catastrophe and establish baryon asymmetry which stopped the world being struck dead in its tracks by universal particle antiparticle annihilation.

Tupaia's Endeavour Tupaia (navigator) - Wikipedia

Wednesday 22 November 2023

Renormalization, screening and antiscreening. These are where my unhappiness lies since both depend on what to me is a physical myth, the generation of energy by the uncertainty principle. All this has a blue chip scientific team of backers but I have to register my ignorant dissent and propose my alternative

[page 13]

evolutionary paradigm which I will try to explain in terms of the P versus NP problem in computation, particularly in quantum computation with the variation arising from Hilbert space, the selection coming from durable fixed points which point, tautologically to both survival and the universal increase of entropy that drives the complexification of the Universe past apparently impossible impasses.

We can say that mass has no role in quantum theory and Hilbert space ad energy has only a kinematic presence in the sense that it defines ∂t which is only a parameter, not real time since Hilbert space is prior to space and time. The quantum mechanical derivation of stationary states eliminates time from the results of the theory so that like real energy, real time has only a kinematic presence in quantum theory.

Special relativity makes a magnificent contribution to electrodynamics but its role is only kinematic, not dynamic as Einstein makes very clear. It did not begin to play its dynamic role until Einstein encapsulated it in the general theory where its tole, discovered by Dirac, is to make spacetime 4D and connect quantum mechanics to general relativity through its peculiar metric snd the contribution of gravitational potential to the dynamicization of the kinematic features of quantum mechanics. I have to thank Jon Opie for his lectured on representation which led me to the distinction between puppet kinematics and living dynamics.

[page 24]

Barrow and Tipler page 4: The selection effect: 'The Anthropic Principle shows that the observed structure of the Universe is restricted by the fact that we are observing the structure; by the fact, so to speak, that the Universe is oberving itself.' This occurs at all scales and is the foundation of the principle of symmetry with respect to complexity.

page 5: ' The principal strengths of these controlling forces of nature are determined by the mysterious collection of pure numbers that we call the constants of nature.'

[Barrow and Tipler first noted 2016_o1_24]

page 22: 'Hoyle points out how natural it might be to raw a teleological conclusion from the fortuitous positioning of nuclear resonance levels in carbon and oxygen: "I do not believe that any scientist who examined the evidence would fail to draw the inference that the laws of nuclear physics have been deliberately designed with regard for the consequences they produce inside stars. If this is so then any apparently random quirks have become part of a deep laid scheme. If not, then we are back at a monstrous sequence of accidents".

Wheeler: 'Observers are necessary to bring the Universe into being': the essence of quantum mechanics.

page 23; Final Anthropic Principle: Intelligent information processing must come into existence in the Universe and once it comes into existence it will never die out," In fact it has

[page 15]

been here since the beginning working out cognitive cosmogenesis.

Thursday 23 November 2023

I am feeling the possibility f some sort of discovery here replacing the madness of fluctuations and screening with the wort of definite logical process represented by the 'Turing Vacuum' and the diagrammatic approach to perturbation theory developed by Feynman in QED. It remains vague, but the thought I woke up with this morning adds weight to my idea that 4D spacetime is the operating system of the Universe selecting the dynamic reality out of the kinematic possibility and fixing of the 3D rotation group SU(3) as the controlling entity in the physical picture. The idea remain vague but t should be possible to hammer it out in the last three pages of cognitive cosmology. I need to refer to Wilson's Nobel Lecture and Huang's encomium and use my demolition of the quantum fluctuation myth in favour of the Feynman chain of connection story to explain the complexity of the quantum processes behind the scened. Feynman diagrams are a description of the kinematic Hilbert space that injected variation into the evolving universe. Long ago I used to think of back pain as the thermodynamic cold source in the Carnot cycle of discovery described as a Hilbert Oscillator in the Essay on the Divinity of Money and I feel that i am confronting a similar period of discovery now. The essay saved much Bulga Forest

by helping Wingham Forest Action introduce the precautionary principle into scientific decision making and now I am beginning to see a way to introduce the same sort of precaution into physics and perhaps set in motion the implementation of Barrow and Tipler's Final Anthropic Principle [ie give it the energy needed to transform from kinematics to dynamics]. Barrow & Tipler (1996): The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Richard Feynman (1988): QED: The Strange Story of Light and Matter, Kenneth G Wilson (1982): Nobel Lecture: The Renormalisation Group and Critical Phenomena, Kerson Huang (2013): A Critical History of Renormalization, Jeffrey Nicholls (1992): An essay on the divinity of money, Jeffrey Nicholls (1992a): An essay on value, NSW Land and Environment Court (1994): Jeffrey Nicholls v Director General National Parks and Wildlife Service No. 10151 of 1994

Now I see the Hilbert Oscillstor operating inside the initial singularity as a kinematic machine and working inside every particle descended from this singularity.This is my replacement foe the perturbation series and the fluctuations that currently form the foundation of field theory. The Minkowski metric is the physical implementation of logical continuity via the null geodesics that carry particles with their Hilbert space contents from point to point in the Universe establishing dynamic logical continuity. My blessed state is emphasized by the continuity of my ideas since that fateful day when I left my beloved parents and entered the gloomy halls of the Dominican novitiate in Camberwell, Victoria.

What we want to do id to get the same results of the quantum computational model as we got from the fluctuation and normalization model [which seems to mean that we devise a quantum operator to implement the path integral to mimi what we may suspect happens in reality].

It is easy to know that the Catholic Church needs reform becasue it is out of touch with reality. The problem

[page 17]

is more difficult with quantum field theory because it is very much in touch with reality through hundreds of billions of dollars worth of research and equal or greater amounts spent on nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons and delivery systems, including submarines, all of which seem to work quite well apart from the technologies developed to interrupt nuclear attack which are hard to tesst. What is my problem then? To put is simply, Wilczek's book irritted me becasue it seems to go far beyond the data and invoke explanations and results I do not like. But who am I to complain? What is the real heart of my objection to QFT, or more to the point, what am I going to do to improve it to the point where I am happy with it, and is there really anything I can do about it? The central platform of my proposed improvements is to attribute to the Universe the same mathematical insights and methods as are used by physicists to achieve a synthesis of physics and theology, something like Barrow and Tipler's final anthropic principle: "Intelligent information processing must come into existence inthe Universe and once it come into existence it will never die out." My addition to this is that intelligent information processing has been there al along [insofar as evolution intelligently develops intelligent algorithms for survival]. I am going to go through the rest of B&T taking notes to stabilize this picture in my ind before I write the final draft of CC23_quantum_field and cc24_chromodynamics.

[page 18]

A derivation is not an explanation. Planck ['s work had to await Dirac's work on quantum electrodynamics, (Dirac 1927)] PAM Dirac (1927): The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation

Reading my notes on B&T I see the cognitive paradigm well established in 2015 when I first read them 8 years ago. What progress have I made since then [introducing a comprehensive use of evolution to make an empty god into a Universe]?

Friday 24 November 2023

The needle I need to thread is to conceive quantum field theory in terms of quantum computation and communication with minimal or negligible change to the actual mathematical structures, just some new interpretation. This program can begin in cc22_network_QED and continuing through cc23 and cc24, echoing O'Murchu and Polkinghorne. I still want to say a bit about the distinction between kinematics, dynamics and quantum fluctuation however. Diamuid O'Murchu (1997): Quantum Theology : Spiritual Implications of the New Physics, John Polkinghorne (2008): Quantum Physics and Theology: An Unexpected Kinship

It is becoming apparent that the conversion of physics from the quantum/newtonian model to the cognitive/logical model is a major project that I have achieved as far as cc21_matter_spirit which establishes the link between theology and physicd. The next steps, bringing quantum field theory into the fold is a project for which I should set asside a year (my home-made postdoc) So perhaps cognitive cosmlogy can stop at cc22 snd I write a conclusion predficting the work necessary to finish ti program and reap the

[page 19]

ethical consequences in terms of entropy and spirituality leading into the 1987 theory of peace. Jeffrey Nicholls (1987): A theory of Peace

Can I cook up a quantum operator which yields the β function of an isolated electron/ Of a flock of gluons? Does such an operator operator in the real world establishing asymptotic freedom and confinement in hadrons? [Did the cosmic evolutionary process discover this operator or something like it in the process of inventing hadrons?].

Florezia en el Amazonas opera digitally encoded on YouTube. Daniel Catan: Florencia en el Amazonas

Is there a suite of quantum operators that working together represent a proton?

Barrow and Tipler pager 252: ' The value of [Feynman's] sum over histories method was demonstrated by the proof of 't Hooft and other, using the sum over histories method that exact spontaneously broken gauge theories could be renormalizable. Barrow & Tipler (1996): The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Gerardus 't Hooft: Nobel Lecture 1999: A Confrontation with Infinity

' It would seem that teleological thinking has become essential to modern mathematical physics.' It is not teleological, it is selective which is the whole task of quantum mechanics, to select stationary states (eigenvalues, elements of a spectrum) from the variety presented by Hilbert space.

' We shall use the sum-over-histories method in chapter 7 to obtain an expression for the wave function of the Universe (page 458)

B & T page 154: [Computer] Program is a map from N to N. Turing's theorem says card N! > card N

[page 20]

B & T page 158: Peirce: 'cosmogenic philosophy'. Charles Sanders Peirce - Wikipedia

page 160: Fourier developed theory of conduction to study Buffon's cooling Earth. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon - Wikipedia

page 166: 'Dysteleological' implications of second law. Heat death,

page 174: Second law and the direction of time. But wht about the anti-matter catastrophe?

page 178: Boundary conditions of the initial singularity. sola consistentia

page 189: Bergson (1859-1941) generally regarded as the foremost French philosopher. Henri Bergson - Wikipedia

page 222: Bohr: 'as soon as I saw Balmer's formula the whole thing was immediately clear to me.'

page 223: Weber and Kohlrausch found ration of units of electric and magnetic charge notices to be close to c by Kirchoff. Friedrich Kohlrausch - Wikipedia

page 224: Hawking radiation: Hawking radiation - Wikipedia

page 247: 3D is necessary for network connectivity. So obvious; must hold for fermions, pedestrians and motor vehicles.

page 252: Helium to carbon via beryllium. We're here because we're here. No carbon to oxygen because resonant energy levels unsatisfactory. Stellar nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia

page 256: Gaussian characteristic of truly random (independent) processes.

page 258: Only finite physical theories and renormalizable theories are possible. ie renormalizability selects possible theories. What does this mean? Ask Ken Wilson. Kenneth G. Wilson (1979): Problems in Physics with many Scales of Length

A universal theory may be true. A non-universal theory has no chance. Only one correct quantum theory of gravitation, is no quantum.

[page 21]

B & T page 260: Brouwer. No continuous mapping from Rm to Rn unless m = n/

page 266; 3D enables universal connectivity without 'crossed wired'.

Saturday 25 November 2023

Back to B & T

My guess is that Feynman's path integral is just another way of saying that each complete operation between two particles is measured by one integral quantum of action. As in general relativity, the only points that we can identify are events, the meetings of particles. There is no evidence available for what goes on in empty space even though field theory is built on the fiction that space is full. The invariants in the natural world, which Parmenides would like us to identify, are the invariants of meetings.

No, back to Einstrein page 112. Minkowski space is a global symmetry which is proken by local gravitation, just as quantum phase is a global symmetry broken locally (in the case of electromagnetism) by thr pahse carried by photons ( U(1) ). In more compoex (Yang-mills) situations, the inforation carriers that establish local symmetries have greater dimension, SU(2), SU(3). In gravitation the global Minkowski symmetry is made local by the metric ds2 = gμ&nu>dxμdxν, tensor gμν>(x) which adjusts the local geometry of spacetime

page 22]

merely by changing the system of coordinates. Albert Einstein (1923): The Principle of Relativity - A collection of original memoirs on the special and general theory of Relativity. With notes by A. Sommerfeld. Translated by W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery

Einstein page 117: general covariance, all coordinate systems are equal, so general covariance takes away the last remnant of physical objectivity from coordinate systems. Because 'all space-time verifications invariably amount to determination of space-time coincidences, ie spacetime meetings of rods and clocks. Coincidences are indicated by identity of whatever arbitrary coordinates we are using.

page 118: infinitesimal realities are flat Minkowski spaces.

B & T page 292: Planck units Planck units - Wikipedia

B & T page 305: Quantum and stability: 'tiny environmental perturbations do not upset the structure of the atom because one entire quantum of energy [action?] must be added before the electron orbital is altered. Thus, despite its traditional reputation as the harbinger of chance and indeterminism, quantum theory s the basis for the fidelity and large scale stability of nature.'

page 296: How does this relate to minimum energy state of atom: 'A concentration of the electron wave packet at small r leads to an increase in its momentum and to an increase in its kinetic energy which resists localization in accordance with the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg. The energy reaches a minimum at a radius a0 and this determines the characteristic atomic size. Here we see the use of the quantum as a dynamic principle [wave packet].

[page 23]

page 309: Size of planet to retain atmosphere.

page 318: Freeman Dyson: 'As we look out into the Universe and identify the many accidents if physics and astronomy that have worked together to our benefit, it almost seems as if the Universe in some way knew that we were coming.'

pp 318 - 327: Nuclear stability,

page 327: stars

page 346 'kinetic energy demanded by the uncertainty principle.'

page 347: Black holes.

page 355: 'vacuum polarization', 'screening'. Vacuum polarization - Wikipedia, Electric-field screening - Wikipedia

page 357: Strong, weak and electromagnetic coupling strengths at SU(5) unify at 1015 GeV. The computational paradigm does not like this because changing the energy, that is the speed of execution of a logical computational process does not change the outcome, it just gets the same answer faster. This weekend I have been having the usual crisis of confidence about cognitive cosmogenesis, partly reinforced by all the numerical estimates in B & T which seem to work so well in the standard arithmetical approach to physics. Of course it is very easy to compute arithmetic , but I think I am looking for something deeper which is escaping me in all the fog of the field theory as we have it [so maybe should look at it from the opposite direction and wonder why physical behaviour scales with energy, that is with speed of execution, which makes it look as though physical processes are a juggling act which work better at high speed, probabilistic rather than deterministic like computation].

B & T: 'qualitative obstacle' to unification may be overcome by logic and computation: how can we unify interactions which act upon different and disjoint classes of elementary particle [ie there are 'algorithmic gaps']?

[page 24]

Electromagnetic and weak interactions govern leptons. Lepons conserve lepton number. Strong interaction quarks and gluons conserve baryon number, but quarks and gluons do not have lepton number. Electro-weak and strong interactions cannot be unified unless quarks can turn into leptons and vice versa.

B & T: page 359 Baryon number, CP and C violating interactions make it possible to explain the observed baryon asymetry—the overt propensity for atter rather than antimatter in the Universe.

' [This chapter] has shown us in a rough way where natural selection stops. It has enabled us to separate those aspects of nature which we should regard as coincidences from those which are consequences of fundamental forces and the values of the constant of Nature. We have also been abe to ascertain which invariant combinations of physical constants play a key role in making the existence of intelligence possible.'

Of course I hold that creative intelligence, in the form of evolution, has existed from the beginning and has determined all those constant of nture. My first efforts in this direction are the attribution of Minkowsli space and h to logical action. Now I have to explain QED, QFT and QCD usinbg my methodology and finding sources for the strutures and processes that we observe, possibly proceeding in the order given, QED, QFT, QCD akong a line of complexification, differentiation and stability. Hope is not yet lost.

[page 25]

We can circumvent all thr detail in B & T on teo counts. First, a lot of it is probably out of date: (1986, 37 years ago); and the fact that we are here plus the assumption of the initial sigularity abd the existnce of evolution meand thst evolution has taken care of all the problems along the way. We can elaborate on this as a preface to cc22_network_QED to cc24_chromodynamics. As I noted on today;s walk, my theory can deal with all the new data and theories as they turn up since the initial singularity + evolution + consistency takes care of everything and can accommodate the idea of cognitive cosmogenesis to cure the deficits of infinity etc in the current theory. I do not need to keep taking myself to the brink of despair to create certainty becasue like a good scholastic I have cooked up a self fulfilling prophecy. Nevertheless I will finish rading B & T.

B & T page 411; H0 Hubble constant; Ω0 - ρ0c = potential energy of Universe / Kine6tic energy of Universe.

It seems that Ω0 is probably 1.

Present observations require that at Planck time, 10-43 sec

( ρ - ρc) ρc ≤ 10 -57

'This can be restated as the oddness problem. The laws of physics [they say] create a natural timescale for cosmological modeld tp = 10-43 sec. The fact that our universe has existed for at least 1060 tp suggest that there is something very unusual and improbable

[page 26]

about the initial conditions thst gsve rise to our Universe,' The answer, of course, is that there were no initial coditiond, just onipotence and consistency.

Copyright:

You may copy this material freely provided only that you quote fairly and provide a link (or reference) to your source.

Further reading

Books

Barrow (1996), John D., and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford University Press 1986, 1996 'This wide-ranging and detailed book explores the many ramifications of the Anthropic Cosmological Principle, covering the whole spectrum of human inquiry from Aristotle to Z bosons. Bringing a unique combination of skills and knowledge to the subject, John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler - two of the world's leading cosmologists - cover the definition and nature of life, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, and the interpretation of the quantum theory in relation to the existence of observers.' 
Amazon
  back

Einstein (1923), Albert, and Einstein, Lorentz, Minkowski, Weyl and Sommerfeld, The Principle of Relativity - A collection of original memoirs on the special and general theory of Relativity. With notes by A. Sommerfeld. Translated by W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery, Methuen 1923  
Amazon
  back

Feynman (1988), Richard, QED: The Strange Story of Light and Matter, Princeton UP 1988 Jacket: 'Quantum electrodynamics - or QED for short - is the 'strange theory' that explains how light and electrons interact. Thanks to Richard Feynmann and his colleagues, it is also one of the rare parts of physics that is known for sure, a theory that has stood the test of time. . . . In this beautifully lucid set of lectures he provides a definitive introduction to QED.' 
Amazon
  back

Neuenschwander (2011), Dwight E, Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem, Johns Hopkins University Press 2011 Jacket: A beautiful piece of mathematics, Noether's theorem touches on every aspect of physics. Emmy Noether proved her theorem in 1915 and published it in 1918. This profound concept demonstrates the connection between conservation laws and symmetries. For instance, the theorem shows that a system invariant under translations of time, space or rotation will obey the laws of conservation of energy, linear momentum or angular momentum respectively. This exciting result offers a rich unifying principle for all of physics.' 
Amazon
  back

O'Murchu (1997), Diarmuid, Quantum Theology : Spiritual Implications of the New Physics, Crossroad Publishing Company 1997 Jacket: 'For quantum theorists, the fact that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts underpins all reality. "This is not merely a scientific principle of immense significance for our times" writes DO'M, "it is also a theological norm, known to mystics for centuries and now maturing into the supreme wisdom of our age."' 
Amazon
  back

't Hooft, Gerard, The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Fundamental Theories of Physics,, 2016 ' Dissatisfied with the uncomfortable gaps in the way conventional quantum mechanics meshes with the classical world, 't Hooft has revived the old hidden variable ideas, but now in a much more systematic way than usual. In this, quantum mechanics is viewed as a tool rather than a theory.The author gives examples of models that are classical in essence, but can be analysed by the use of quantum techniques, and arguesthat even the Standard Model, together with gravitational interactions, might be viewed as aquantum mechanical approach to analysing a system that could be classical at its core. He shows how this approach, even though it is based on hidden variables, can be plausibly reconciled with Bell's theorem, and how the usual objections voiced against the idea of 'superdeterminism' can be overcome, at least in principle. This framework elegantly explains - and automatically cures - the problems of thewave function collapse and the measurement problem. Even theexistence of an 'arrow of time' can perhaps be explained in a more elegant way than usual.As well as reviewing the author's earlier work in the field, the book also contains many new observations and calculations.It provides stimulating reading for all physicists working on the foundations of quantum theory. 
Amazon
  back

't Hooft (2005), Gerardus, 50 Years of Yang Mills Theory, World Scientific 2005 ' On the 50th anniversary of Yang-Mills theory, this invaluable volume looks back at the developments and achievements in elementary particle physics that ensued from that beautiful idea.During the last five decades, Yang-Mills theory, which is undeniably the most important cornerstone of theoretical physics, has expanded widely. It has been investigated from many perspectives, and many new and unexpected features have been uncovered from this theory. In recent decades, apart from high energy physics, the theory has been actively applied in other branches of physics, such as statistical physics, condensed matter physics, nonlinear systems, etc. This makes the theory an indispensable topic for all who are involved in physics.An international team of experts, each of whom has left his mark on the developments of this remarkable theory, contribute essays or more detailed technical accounts to this volume.' 
Amazon
  back

Links

Associated Press, Former US first lady Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter, dies at 96, ' The Carter Centre said she died on Sunday after living with dementia and suffering many months of declining health. . . .. “Rosalynn was my equal partner in everything I ever accomplished,” Carter, 99, said in the statement. “She gave me wise guidance and encouragement when I needed it. As long as Rosalynn was in the world, I always knew somebody loved and supported me.” Fiercely loyal and compassionate as well as politically astute, Rosalynn Carter prided herself on being an activist first lady, and no one doubted her behind-the-scenes influence. When her role in a highly publicised cabinet shake-up became known, she was forced to declare publicly: “I am not running the government.” Many presidential aides insisted that her political instincts were better than her husband’s – they often enlisted her support for a project before they discussed it with the president. Her iron will, contrasted with her outwardly shy demeanour and a soft Southern accent, inspired Washington reporters to call her “the Steel Magnolia”.' back

Baryon asymmetry - Wikipedia, Baryon asymmetry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physical cosmology, the baryon asymmetry problem, also known as the matter asymmetry problem or the matter–antimatter asymmetry problem, is the observed imbalance in baryonic matter (the type of matter experienced in everyday life) and antibaryonic matter in the observable universe. Neither the standard model of particle physics, nor the theory of general relativity provides a known explanation for why this should be so, and it is a natural assumption that the universe is neutral with all conserved charges. The Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Since this does not seem to have been the case, it is likely some physical laws must have acted differently or did not exist for matter and antimatter. Several competing hypotheses exist to explain the imbalance of matter and antimatter that resulted in baryogenesis. However, there is as of yet no consensus theory to explain the phenomenon, which has been described as "one of the great mysteries in physics".' back

Casimir effect - Wikipedia, Casimir effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physics, the Casimir effect or Casimir-Polder force is a physical force arising from a quantized field. The typical example is of two uncharged metallic plates in a vacuum, placed a few micrometers apart, without any external electromagnetic field. In a classical description, the lack of an external field also means that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them. When this field is instead studied using quantum mechanics, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force—either an attraction or a repulsion depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates. This force has been measured, and is a striking example of an effect purely due to second quantization.' back

Charles Sanders Peirce - Wikipedia, Charles Sanders Peirce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". According to philosopher Paul Weiss, Peirce was "the most original and versatile of America's philosophers and America's greatest logician". Bertrand Russell wrote "he was one of the most original minds of the later nineteenth century and certainly the greatest American thinker ever".' back

Daniel Catan, Florencia en el Amazonas, ' Florencia en el Amazonas (English title: Florencia in the Amazon) is an opera in two acts composed by Daniel Catán. It contains elements of magical realism in the style of Gabriel García Márquez and uses a libretto by Marcela Fuentes-Berain, one of his pupils. The characters are inspired by García Márquez, but the story is not drawn directly from any of his works. Florencia was co-commissioned by Houston Grand Opera, Los Angeles Opera, and Seattle Opera and premiered in Houston on October 25, 1996. It was the first Spanish-language opera to be commissioned by major United States opera houses. back

Electric-field screening - Wikipedia, Electric-field screening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In physics, screening is the damping of electric fields caused by the presence of mobile charge carriers. It is an important part of the behavior of charge-carrying fluids, such as ionized gases (classical plasmas), electrolytes, and charge carriers in electronic conductors (semiconductors, metals). In a fluid, with a given permittivity ε, composed of electrically charged constituent particles, each pair of particles (with charges q1 and q2) interact through the Coulomb force. . . . This interaction complicates the theoretical treatment of the fluid. For example, a naive quantum mechanical calculation of the ground-state energy density yields infinity, which is unreasonable. The difficulty lies in the fact that even though the Coulomb force diminishes with distance as 1/r^2, the average number of particles at each distance r is proportional to r^2, assuming the fluid is fairly isotropic. As a result, a charge fluctuation at any one point has non-negligible effects at large distances.' back

Friedrich Kohlrausch - Wikipedia, Friedrich Kohlrausch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch (14 October 1840 – 17 January 1910) was a German physicist who investigated the conductive properties of electrolytes and contributed to knowledge of their behaviour. He also investigated elasticity, thermoelasticity, and thermal conduction as well as magnetic and electrical precision measurements. Nowadays, Friedrich Kohlrausch is classed as one of the most important experimental physicists. His early work helped to extend the absolute system of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber to include electrical and magnetic measuring units.' back

Gerardus 't Hooft, Nobel Lecture 1999: A Confrontation with Infinity, ' Early attempts at constructing realistic models of the weak interaction were offset by the emergence of infinite, hence meaningless expressions when one tried to develop radiative corrections. When models based on gauge theories with Higgs mechanism were discovered to be renormalizable, the bothersome infinities disappeared - they cancelled out. If this success seemed to be due to sorcery, it may be of interest to explain the physical insights on which it is actually based.' back

Hawking radiation - Wikipedia, Black hole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace. The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958. Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity; it was during the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity.' back

Henri Bergson - Wikipedia, Henri Bergson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Henri-Louis Bergson (. . . 18 October 1859–4 January 1941) was a French philosopher, who was influential in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until the Second World War, but also after 1966 when Gilles Deleuze published Le Bergsonisme. Bergson is known for his arguments that processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality. Bergson was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented". In 1930, France awarded him its highest honour, the Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur. Bergson's great popularity created a controversy in France, where his views were seen as opposing the secular and scientific attitude adopted by the Republic's officials.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1987), A theory of Peace, ' The argument: I began to think about peace in a very practical way during the Viet Nam war. I was the right age to be called up. I was exempted because I was a clergyman, but despite the terrors that war held for me, I think I might have gone. It was my first whiff of the force of patriotism. To my amazement, it was strong enough to make even me face death.
In the Church, I became embroiled in a deeper war. Not a war between goodies and baddies, but the war between good and evil that lies at the heart of all human consciousness. Existence is a struggle. We need all the help we can get. Religion is part of that help and theology is the scientific foundation of religion.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1992), An essay on the divinity of money , ' The rise of science questioned revelation and the churches as sources of truth, but they have remained in existence because science still lacks the power to ask or answer the fundamental questions of life and death that concern theology. Here I outline a new scientific theology whose model of god derives not from ancient text but from the mathematical theory of text and communication itself. I propose that this model describes the universe of our experience, which is therefore fittingly called god. I then interpret this model using elements of current physical theory. These ideas are then applied to money. The movement of money is an abstract representation of the the activity of society as a whole, just as the flow of momentum in space-time is an abstract representation of the physical universe. My hypothesis is that proper understanding and political control of public cashflows is necessary and sufficient to obtain peaceful civilisation.' back

Jeffrey Nicholls (1992a), An essay on value, ' 1 We must kill to live. The question before is is whether or not to kill some fraction of the old growth forest (OGF) in the Wingham management area (WMA) in order to keep the sawmilling operation at Mt George alive. Religion 2 Although the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), as we have it, is a document based largely on resource, commercial and employment considerations, I believe the Commission is facing a religious issue, and will have no peace until it realizes that fact. 3 Matters of life and death are questions of religion. For those who have power over life and death, deciding what to kill is a question of value. The value system of any organism is determined by the history of its survival. 4 If the decision is good, the benefit from killing will exceed the value of what is destroyed, yielding a profit and enhanced probability of survival. A wrong judgment of value leads to the opposite result.' back

Josh Dawsey, Many former Trump aides say he shouldn’t be president. Will it matter?, ' So far, Trump has surged toward the GOP nomination even as former aides critical of him have blanketed the airwaves, giving scathing speeches, testifying on camera in front of congressional committees and penning books — shaking off the kinds of condemnations that could mortally wound another politician. “These media whores are always looking for their next grift — whether it’s book deals or cable news contracts — because they know their entire worth as human beings revolve around talking about President Trump,” said Steven Cheung, a Trump spokesman. “They clearly don’t own any mirrors because if they did, they would not be able to look at themselves every day knowing what they’re doing is hurting the country. These charlatans are disgusting and should be wholly ignored".' back

Kenneth G Wilson (1982), Nobel Lecture: The Renormalisation Group and Critical Phenomena, Nobel Prize Lecture, 8 December 1982: This paper has three parts. The first part is a simplified presentation of the basic ideas of the renormalization group and the e expansion applied to critical phenomena, following roughly a summary exposition given in 1972. The second part is an account of the history (as I remember it) of work leading up to the papers in I971-1972 on the renormalization group. Finally, some of the developments since 1971 will be summarized, and an assessment for the future given.' back

Kenneth G. Wilson (1979), Problems in Physics with many Scales of Length, ' One of the more conspicuous prop­erties of nature is the great diversity of size or length scales in the structure of the world. An ocean, for example, has currents that persist for thousands of kilometers and has tides of global extent; it also has waves that range in size from less than a centimeter to several meters; at much finer resolu­tion seawater must be regarded as an aggregate of molecules whose charac­teristic scale of length is roughly 10-8 centimeter. From the smallest structure to the largest is a span of some 17 or­ders of magnitude.' back

Kerson Huang (2013), A Critical History of Renormalization, ' The history of renormalization is reviewed with a critical eye,starting with Lorentz's theory of radiation damping, through perturbative QED with Dyson, Gell‐Mann & Low, and others, to Wilson's formulation and Polchinski's functional equation, and applications to "triviality", and dark energy in cosmology.
Dedication: Renormalization, that astounding mathematical trick that enabled one to tame divergences in Feynman diagrams, led to the triumph of quantum electrodynamics. Ken Wilson made it physics, by uncovering its deep connection with scale transformations. The idea that scale determines the perception of world seems obvious. When one examines an oil painting, for example, what one sees depends on the resolution of the instrument one uses for the examination. At resolutions of the naked eye, one sees art, perhaps, but upon greater and greater magnifications, one sees pigments, then molecules and atoms, and so forth. What is non‐trivial is to formulate this mathematically, as a physical theory, and this is what Ken Wilson had achieved.' back

Lamb shift - Wikipedia, Lamb shift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 'In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb (1913–2008), is a difference in energy between two energy levels 2S½ and 2P½ (in term symbol notation) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation, according to which these states should have the same energy. Interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and the hydrogen electron in these different orbitals is the cause of the Lamb Shift, as was shown subsequent to its discovery.' back

Linh Xin, China engineers complete largest solar farm on Earth in UAE ahead of Cop28, ' The world’s largest single-site solar power plant – a flagship project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative – has been completed in the United Arab Emirates, ahead of the UN climate change conference Cop28 in Dubai later this month. The two-gigawatt Al Dhafra Solar Photovoltaic Project covers 20 sq km (12.4 square miles) of desert outside Abu Dhabi and can power about 200,000 households, according to main contractor China National Machinery Industry Corporation. The company said the plant was expected to help Abu Dhabi reduce carbon emissions by 2.4 million tonnes each year – the equivalent of taking more than half a million cars off the road – and take the proportion of clean energy to over 13 per cent of the emirate’s overall consumption. . . .. China has fostered green development partnerships with more than 30 countries under the belt and road infrastructure programme, according to the report. These have included the Karachi nuclear power plant’s K-2 and K-3 phases – built by China National Nuclear Corporation with its home-grown, third-generation nuclear power technology. The report said the Karachi plant generated nearly 20 billion kilowatt-hours of clean electricity to meet the annual needs of 2 million people in Pakistan.' back

Liu Zhen, Israel-Gaza war: only a two-state solution can bring real peace, China president says in first public speech on conflict, ' Israel should stop imposing “collective punishment” on the people of Gaza and Hamas must release civilian hostages, Chinese President Xi Jinping said on Tuesday in his first public speech on the conflict. Addressing an online summit of the Brics group, Xi said only a two-state solution could bring lasting peace. “China supports the legitimate national rights of the Palestinian people and the establishment of an independent state,” he said, renewing calls for a ceasefire in Gaza. “There can be no security in the Middle East without a just solution to the question of Palestine. “I have emphasised on many occasions that the only viable way to break the cycle of Palestinian-Israeli conflict lies in a two-state solution, in the restoration of the legitimate national rights of Palestine, and in the establishment of an independent state of Palestine,” Xi said.' back

Matthew Lamb, Friday essay: ‘when the facts conflict with the legend’ – how dhttps://theconversation.com/friday-essay-when-the-facts-conflict-with-the-legend-how-does-a-biographer-balance-storytelling-with-the-truth-216619oes a biographer balance storytelling with the truth?, ' In October 1975, at a talk in Wollongong, Frank Moorhouse discussed the first project for which he deliberately undertook archival and historical research – a feature film called Between Wars. This process would become integral to Frank’s work. It would culminate in his celebrated “Edith trilogy”, which followed the League of Nations (a forerunner of the United Nations) from the 1920s through the 1940s, then the establishment of Canberra as our nation’s “Capitol” in the 1950s, through the fictional Edith Campbell Berry. In Wollongong, Frank discussed balancing what he called “the historical element” with the “the narrative element”. In his notes for that talk, he wrote: “When the facts conflict with the legend print the legend.” Since 2015, I have been working on a two-volume biography of Frank Moorhouse. This has involved its own process of archival and historical research. But biography is a sub-field of history. For a biographer, when the legend conflicts with the facts – print the facts. The problem is that establishing the facts, and disentangling fact from legend, is not as straightforward as one would hope – especially when the subject is a protean figure like Frank Moorhouse.' back

NSW Land and Environment Court (1994), Jeffrey Nicholls v Director General National Parks and Wildlife Service No. 10151 of 1994, NSW Land and Environment Court back

Peter T. C. Chang, How the devastation of Gaza could hurt Israel and the US irreversibly, ' Earlier this year, Beijing brokered a historic rapprochement between Saudi Arabia and Iran, significantly elevating China’s stature in the Middle East. With the current war, Beijing signalled its readiness to mediate and called for a ceasefire. During an online summit of the Brics group – comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – on Tuesday, Xi called again for a return to a two-state solution. . . . The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the outgrowth of two historical tragedies. Modern Israel was established following the harrowing atrocities of the Holocaust. However, this redemptive act was built on the back of another tragic event – the Nakba, or violent displacement of the Palestinians. This 20th century dual tragedy is also deeply rooted in religious animosity. A key conflict between Jews and Muslims revolves around control of Jerusalem. According to US evangelicals, for instance, the reconstruction of the temple in Jerusalem would hasten an apocalyptic battle where good will ultimately triumph over evil, leading to the second return of the Messiah. These religion-inspired developments are a tragic regression, undoing the strides made in human history. The foundation of modern nation-states should hinge on the principle that arcane theological beliefs are set aside to preserve international peace and order.' back

Pittsburgh Opera Education, Study Guide to Florencis em Amazonas, ' Catán loosely based Florencia en el Amazonas on the novel, Love in the Time of Cholera, by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. A pupil of Márquez, Marcela Fuentes-Berain, wrote the opera’s libretto. Catán stated that Florencia “is the story of the return journey that we all undertake at a certain point in our lives: the moment when we look back at what we once dreamed of becoming, and then confront what we have now become.” Since 1996, opera houses around the globe have performed Florencia, dazzling audiences with its magic realism influences, dramatic culture, and poignant themes.' back

Saand Ki Aankh - Wikipedia , Saand Ki Aankh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia , ' Saand Ki Aankh (transl. Bull's eye) is a 2019 Indian biographical drama film directed by Tushar Hiranandani and produced by Anurag Kashyap, Reliance Entertainment and Nidhi Parmar. The film features Taapsee Pannu, Bhumi Pednekar and Prakash Jha in the lead roles, it also features Pawan Chopra, Kuldeep sareen , Vineet Kumar Singh and Shaad Randhawa in the supporting roles. It is based on the lives of sharpshooters Chandro and Prakashi Tomar.[6] Filming began on 10 February 2019 in Baghpat. Some parts were filmed in Hastinapur and Mawana.[7] It was released on 25 October 2019, coinciding with the Diwali festival. back

Sergio F. Novaes, Standard Model: An Introduction, ' We present a primer on the Standard Model of the electroweak interaction. Emphasis is given to the historical aspects of the theory’s formulation. The radiative corrections to the Standard Model are presented and its predictions for the electroweak parameters are compared with the precise experimental data obtained at the Z pole. Finally, we make some remarks on the perspectives for the discovery of the Higgs boson, the most important challenge of the Standard Model. back

Stellar nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia, Stellar nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' Stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since the original creation of hydrogen, helium and lithium during the Big Bang. As a predictive theory, it yields accurate estimates of the observed abundances of the elements. It explains why the observed abundances of elements change over time and why some elements and their isotopes are much more abundant than others. The theory was initially proposed by Fred Hoyle in 1946, who later refined it in 1954. back

Tupaia (navigator) - Wikipedia , Tupaia (navigator) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Tupaia (also spelled Tupaea or Tupia; c. 1725 – December 20, 1770) was a Tahitian Polynesian navigator and arioi (a kind of priest), originally from the island of Ra'iatea in the Pacific Islands group known to Europeans as the Society Islands. His remarkable navigational skills and Pacific geographical knowledge were to be utilised by Lt. James Cook, R.N. when he took him aboard HMS Endeavour as guide on its voyage of exploration to Terra Australis Incognita. Tupaia travelled with Cook to New Zealand, acting as the expedition's interpreter to the Polynesian Māori, and Australia. He died in December 1770 from a shipborne illness contracted when Endeavour was docked in Batavia for repairs ahead of its return journey to England.' back

Vacuum polarization - Wikipedia, Vacuum polarization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, ' In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon). After developments in radar equipment for World War II resulted in higher accuracy for measuring the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, I.I. Rabi made measurements of the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron. These effects corresponded to the deviation from the value −2 for the spectroscopic electron g-factor that are predicted by the Dirac equation. Later, Hans Bethe theoretically calculated those shifts in the hydrogen energy levels due to vacuum polarization on his return train ride from the Shelter Island Conference to Cornell.' back

www.naturaltheology.net is maintained by The Theology Company Proprietary Limited ACN 097 887 075 ABN 74 097 887 075 Copyright 2000-2023 © Jeffrey Nicholls